Rwanda

Indicators

Excess nitrogen per hectare of cropland single year 10.5 kg per hectare (2009) —

Excess nitrogen from croplands single year 14.6 kt (2009) —

Share of global excess nitrogen from croplands single year 0.019 % (2009) —

Amount of N added to cropland through biological fixation 32.5 kt (2023) +346%

Value 32.5 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +345.5%

Amount of N added to cropland through biological fixation, per hectare of cropland 21.7 kg/ha (2023) +83%

Value 21.7 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +83.0%

Which countries overapplied nitrogen without gains in crop yields? single year -2.04 % (2020) —

N fertilizer consumption per capita 0.53 kg/person (2023) +1667%

Value 0.53 kg/person (2023)

Change since 1969 +1666.7%

Total nitrogen fertilizer production 0 t (2020) —

Value 0 t (2020)

Change since 2013 —

Definition (source: OECD): From the online data portal FAOSTAT maintained by the Statistics Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) : 'Nutrient nitrogen' is defined as total nitrogen (N) from all fertilizer products. The 'Fertilizers by Nutrient' domain contains information on agricultural use, production, and trade of chemical and mineral fertilizers, in tonnes of nutrient, for the three main plant nutrients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (expressed as P2O5) and potassium (expressed as K2O). The main data source for production and agricultural use is the FAOSTAT Fertilizers questionnaire, complemented with national publications when available. Agricultural use of fertilizers refers to the use for crops, livestock, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture, excluding use for animal feed. Industrial uses are excluded, to the extent allowed by data availability. Tonnes of nutrient nitrogen are calculated using conversion factors applied to volumes of nitrogenous fertilizers. For more information, please see: http://fenixservices.fao.org/faostat/static/documents/RFN/RFN_EN_README.pdf

Citation: OECD (2024). "Nutrient nitrogen production," Africa's Development Dynamics (AfDD): Table 23 - Ecological sustainability, OECD Data Explorer, https://data-explorer.oecd.org/vis?lc=en&tm=nitrogen&pg=0&snb=15&df[ds]=dsDisseminateFinalDMZ&df[id]=DSD_AFDD_STAT_ANNEX%40DF_TAB23&df[ag]=OECD.DEV.EMEA&df[vs]=1.0&dq=......A&pd=,&to[TIME_PERIOD]=false&vw=ov

Total nitrogen fertilizer production 0 t (2023) —

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 2013 —

Nitrogen fertilizer consumption per hectare of arable land 31.8 kg/ha (2023) +32690%

Value 31.8 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1967 +32690.0%

Total nitrogen inputs to crops single year 19 kt (2009) —

Nitrogen inputs per hectare of cropland single year 13.7 kg/ha (2009) —

Nitrogen fertilizer use per hectare of cropland 10.1 kg/ha (2023) +14329%

Value 10.1 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1967 +14328.6%

Total N fertilizer production 0 t (2023) —

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 2013 —

N fertilizer imports 15.1 kt (2023) +30132%

Value 15.1 kt (2023)

Change since 1967 +30132.0%

N fertilizer exports 0 t (2023) —

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 1990 —

N fertilizer use per capita 1.08 kg/ person (2023) —

Value 1.08 kg/ person (2023)

Change since 1961 —

Agricultural use of N fertilizer 15.1 kt (2023) +30132%

Value 15.1 kt (2023)

Change since 1967 +30132.0%

N fertilizers use per area of cropland 9.09 kg/ha (2023) —

Value 9.09 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 —

Amount of N added to cropland through synthetic fertilizers, per hectare of cropland 13.6 kg/ha (2023) +16627%

Value 13.6 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +16626.8%

Amount of N added to cropland through animal manure 13.4 kt (2023) +795%

Value 13.4 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +794.8%

Amount of N added to cropland through animal manure, per hectare of cropland 8.96 kg/ha (2023) +268%

Value 8.96 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +267.6%

N fertilizer use per value of agricultural production 4.59 g per $ (2023) —

Value 4.59 g per $ (2023)

Change since 1961 —

Agricultural use of nutrient nitrogen 10.6 t (2020) +10529%

Value 10.6 t (2020)

Change since 2000 +10528.9%

Definition (source: OECD): From the online data portal FAOSTAT maintained by the Statistics Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) : 'Nutrient nitrogen' is defined as total nitrogen (N) from all fertilizer products. The 'Fertilizers by Nutrient' domain contains information on agricultural use, production, and trade of chemical and mineral fertilizers, in tonnes of nutrient, for the three main plant nutrients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (expressed as P2O5) and potassium (expressed as K2O). The main data source for production and agricultural use is the FAOSTAT Fertilizers questionnaire, complemented with national publications when available. Agricultural use of fertilizers refers to the use for crops, livestock, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture, excluding use for animal feed. Industrial uses are excluded, to the extent allowed by data availability. Tonnes of nutrient nitrogen are calculated using conversion factors applied to volumes of nitrogenous fertilizers. For more information, please see: https://fenixservices.fao.org/faostat/static/documents/RFN/RFN_EN_README.pdf

Citation: OECD (2024). "Agricultural use of nutrient nitrogen," Africa's Development Dynamics (AfDD): Table 23 - Ecological sustainability, OECD Data Explorer, https://data-explorer.oecd.org/vis?lc=en&tm=nitrogen&pg=0&snb=15&df[ds]=dsDisseminateFinalDMZ&df[id]=DSD_AFDD_STAT_ANNEX%40DF_TAB23&df[ag]=OECD.DEV.EMEA&df[vs]=1.0&dq=......A&pd=,&to[TIME_PERIOD]=false&vw=ov

Export of ammonia (anhydrous) 5.77 t (2020) +106%

Value 5.77 t (2020)

Change since 2004 +106.1%

Export value of ammonia (anhydrous) 17.1 k$ (2020) +115%

Value 17.1 k$ (2020)

Change since 2004 +115.1%

Import of ammonia (anhydrous) 13.8 t (2022) +1964%

Value 13.8 t (2022)

Change since 2002 +1964.2%

Import value of ammonia (anhydrous) 25.5 k$ (2022) +1023%

Value 25.5 k$ (2022)

Change since 2002 +1022.9%

Agricultural use of ammonium nitrate 269 t (2011) +308%

Value 269 t (2011)

Change since 2004 +307.6%

Export of ammonium nitrate single year 0.5 t (2019) —

Export value of ammonium nitrate single year 130 $ (2019) —

Import of ammonium nitrate 224 t (2022) +1022%

Value 224 t (2022)

Change since 2003 +1022.3%

Import value of ammonium nitrate 328 k$ (2022) +2975%

Value 328 k$ (2022)

Change since 2003 +2975.1%

Agricultural use of ammonium sulphate 279 t (2010) +3000%

Value 279 t (2010)

Change since 2004 +3000.0%

Export of ammonium sulphate single year 279 t (2010) —

Export value of ammonium sulphate single year 181 k$ (2010) —

Import of ammonium sulphate (Tonnes) 0.21 t (2022) -79%

Value 0.21 t (2022)

Change since 2003 -79.0%

Import value of ammonium sulphate (1000 USD) 250 $ (2022) -24%

Value 250 $ (2022)

Change since 2003 -24.2%

Export of calcium ammonium nitrate and other mixtures with calcium carbonate single year 0.23 t (2011) —

Export value of calcium ammonium nitrate and other mixtures with calcium carbonate single year 1.95 k$ (2011) —

Import of calcium ammonium nitrate and other mixtures with calcium carbonate 251 t (2022) +1848%

Value 251 t (2022)

Change since 2009 +1848.2%

Import value of calcium ammonium nitrate and other mixtures with calcium carbonate 155 k$ (2022) +629%

Value 155 k$ (2022)

Change since 2009 +628.9%

Amount of N added to cropland through synthetic fertilizers 20.4 kt N (2023) +40617%

Value 20.4 kt N (2023)

Change since 1961 +40617.0%

Export of fertilizers n.e.c. 0.52 t (2022) -99%

Value 0.52 t (2022)

Change since 2007 -99.3%

Export value of fertilizers n.e.c. 25.3 k$ (2022) +46%

Value 25.3 k$ (2022)

Change since 2007 +46.2%

Import of fertilizers n.e.c. 29 kt (2022) +29130%

Value 29 kt (2022)

Change since 2003 +29130.5%

Import value of fertilizers n.e.c. 29.6 M$ (2022) +85049%

Value 29.6 M$ (2022)

Change since 2003 +85048.8%

Agricultural use of NPK fertilizers 5 t (2011) -100%

Value 5 t (2011)

Change since 2004 -99.8%

Export of NPK fertilizers 96 t (2022) +47900%

Value 96 t (2022)

Change since 2011 +47900.0%

Export value of NPK fertilizers 96 k$ (2022) +47900%

Value 96 k$ (2022)

Change since 2011 +47900.0%

Import of NPK fertilizers 48.3 kt (2022) +1976%

Value 48.3 kt (2022)

Change since 2002 +1976.2%

Import value of NPK fertilizers 43.5 M$ (2022) +4820%

Value 43.5 M$ (2022)

Change since 2002 +4819.8%

Export of other nitrogenous fertilizers 4.2 t (2020) +8300%

Value 4.2 t (2020)

Change since 2004 +8300.0%

Export value of other nitrogenous fertilizers 1.31 k$ (2020) +368%

Value 1.31 k$ (2020)

Change since 2004 +367.9%

Import of other nitrogenous fertilizers 191 t (2022) -89%

Value 191 t (2022)

Change since 2002 -88.8%

Import value of other nitrogenous fertilizers 119 k$ (2022) -82%

Value 119 k$ (2022)

Change since 2002 -82.2%

Agriculture use of urea 78 t (2010) -81%

Value 78 t (2010)

Change since 2004 -81.0%

Agriculture use of urea and ammonium nitrate solutions single year 1 t (2011) —

Export of urea and ammonium nitrate solutions 63.6 t (2021) +264%

Value 63.6 t (2021)

Change since 2008 +263.7%

Export value of urea and ammonium nitrate solutions 138 k$ (2021) +1648%

Value 138 k$ (2021)

Change since 2008 +1647.8%

Import value of urea and ammonium nitrate solutions 81.6 k$ (2021) +62654%

Value 81.6 k$ (2021)

Change since 2008 +62653.8%

Import of urea and ammonium nitrate solutions 21.3 t (2021) +12441%

Value 21.3 t (2021)

Change since 2008 +12441.2%

Export of urea 23.5 t (2014) -70%

Value 23.5 t (2014)

Change since 2010 -69.8%

Export value of urea 1.97 k$ (2014) -95%

Value 1.97 k$ (2014)

Change since 2010 -95.0%

Import of urea 10.6 kt (2022) +3221%

Value 10.6 kt (2022)

Change since 2002 +3220.7%

Import value of urea 10.6 M$ (2022) +10899%

Value 10.6 M$ (2022)

Change since 2002 +10899.5%

N lost from croplands through volatilisation 8.56 kt (2023) +1803%

Value 8.56 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +1803.0%

N added onto cropland from atmospheric deposition 9.98 kt (2023) +407%

Value 9.98 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +406.7%

N added onto cropland from atmospheric deposition, per hectare of cropland 6.67 kg/ha (2023) +108%

Value 6.67 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +108.1%

N lost from croplands through leaching 4,195 kg/ha and ton (2023) +1299%

Value 4,195 kg/ha and ton (2023)

Change since 1961 +1298.9%

N lost from croplands through leaching, per hectare of cropland 2.8 kg/ha (2023) +475%

Value 2.8 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +474.7%

N lost from croplands through volatilisation, per hectare of cropland (kg/ha) 5.72 kg/ha (2023) +682%

Value 5.72 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +681.8%

Amount of N removed from cropland through crop harvesting 59 kt (2023) +415%

Value 59 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +414.5%

Amount of N removed from cropland through crop residue 17 kt (2023) +157%

Value 17 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +156.5%

Amount of N removed from cropland through crop harvesting, per hectare of cropland 39.4 kg/ha (2023) +111%

Value 39.4 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +111.4%

Amount of N removed from cropland through crop residue, per hectare of cropland 11.4 kg/ha (2023) +5%

Value 11.4 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +5.4%

Nitrogen use efficiency 127 % (2014) +20%

Value 127 % (2014)

Change since 1961 +19.6%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) Emissions from agriculture 843 kt CO₂e (2024) +112%

Value 843 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +111.5%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from agriculture 1,250 Gt CO₂e (2023) +123%

Value 1,250 Gt CO₂e (2023)

Change since 1990 +123.2%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from agriculture per capita 89.6 t CO₂e/person (2023) +18%

Value 89.6 t CO₂e/person (2023)

Change since 1990 +18.0%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for barley 0.0001 t (1969) +0%

Value 0.0001 t (1969)

Change since 1961 +0.0%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for dry beans 0.11 t (2023) +391%

Value 0.11 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +391.0%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for maize 0.0807 t (2023) +1268%

Value 0.0807 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +1267.8%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for millet 0.0004 t (2023) -33%

Value 0.0004 t (2023)

Change since 1961 -33.3%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for potatoes 0.0519 t (2023) +549%

Value 0.0519 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +548.8%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for rice 0.0261 t (2023) +26000%

Value 0.0261 t (2023)

Change since 1967 +26000.0%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for sorghum 0.0462 t (2023) +59%

Value 0.0462 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +58.8%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for soya beans 0.0172 t (2023) +17100%

Value 0.0172 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +17100.0%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for wheat 0.0039 t (2023) +1200%

Value 0.0039 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +1200.0%

N₂O emissions from burning crop residues, for maize 0.0223 t (2023) +726%

Value 0.0223 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +725.9%

N₂O emissions from burning crop residues, for sugar cane 0.0003 t (2023) —

Value 0.0003 t (2023)

Change since 1961 —

N₂O emissions from burning crop residues, for rice 0.0013 t (2023) —

Value 0.0013 t (2023)

Change since 1961 —

N₂O emissions from burning crop residues, for wheat 0.0004 t (2023) —

Value 0.0004 t (2023)

Change since 1961 —

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for barley 0 t (1969) —

Value 0 t (1969)

Change since 1961 —

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for dry beans 0.0246 t (2023) +392%

Value 0.0246 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +392.0%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for maize 0.0182 t (2023) +1300%

Value 0.0182 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +1300.0%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for millet 0.0001 t (2023) +0%

Value 0.0001 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +0.0%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for potatoes 0.0117 t (2023) +550%

Value 0.0117 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +550.0%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for rice 0.0059 t (2023) —

Value 0.0059 t (2023)

Change since 1967 —

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for sorghum 0.0104 t (2023) +58%

Value 0.0104 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +57.6%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for soya beans 0.0039 t (2023) —

Value 0.0039 t (2023)

Change since 1961 —

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for wheat 0.0009 t (2023) +800%

Value 0.0009 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +800.0%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for barley 0.1 t (1969) +0%

Value 0.1 t (1969)

Change since 1961 +0.0%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for dry beans 134 t (2023) +391%

Value 134 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +391.2%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for maize 98.9 t (2023) +1274%

Value 98.9 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +1273.6%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for millet 0.5 t (2023) -29%

Value 0.5 t (2023)

Change since 1961 -28.6%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for potatoes (kt) 63.6 t (2023) +549%

Value 63.6 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +549.0%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for rice 31.9 t (2023) +31800%

Value 31.9 t (2023)

Change since 1967 +31800.0%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for sorghum 56.6 t (2023) +59%

Value 56.6 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +58.5%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for soya beans 21 t (2023) +20900%

Value 21 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +20900.0%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for wheat 4.7 t (2023) +1075%

Value 4.7 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +1075.0%

Amount of N added to cropland through planting seeds 1.74 kt (2023) +186%

Value 1.74 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +186.5%

N content from crop residues, for barley 4.88 t (1969) -6%

Value 4.88 t (1969)

Change since 1961 -6.0%

N content from crop residues, for dry beans 6.97 kt (2023) +391%

Value 6.97 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +391.0%

N content from crop residues, for maize 5.14 kt (2023) +1279%

Value 5.14 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +1278.6%

N content from crop residues, for millet 23.5 t (2023) -33%

Value 23.5 t (2023)

Change since 1961 -33.4%

N content from crop residues, for oats 23.5 t (2023) -33%

Value 23.5 t (2023)

Change since 1961 -33.4%

N content from crop residues, for potatoes 3.3 kt (2023) +551%

Value 3.3 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +550.7%

N content from crop residues, for rice 1.66 kt (2023) +44685%

Value 1.66 kt (2023)

Change since 1967 +44685.2%

N content from crop residues, for sorghum 2.94 kt (2023) +59%

Value 2.94 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +58.8%

N content from crop residues, for soya beans 1.09 kt (2023) +14599%

Value 1.09 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +14598.9%

N content from crop residues, for wheat 247 t (2023) +1135%

Value 247 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +1135.1%

Amount of N added to cropland through planting seeds, per hectare of cropland 1.16 kg/ha (2023) +18%

Value 1.16 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +17.7%

Total nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, excluding LULUCF 1.29 Mt CO₂e (2024) +104%

Value 1.29 Mt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +104.5%

Total nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, excluding LULUCF (% change from 1990) 75.4 % change (2024) +7600%

Value 75.4 % change (2024)

Change since 1991 +7600.0%

N₂O emissions from all sectors 1,610 Gt CO₂e (2024) +2197%

Value 1,610 Gt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1850 +2197.2%

Share of global nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions 0.0548 % (2024) +12%

Value 0.0548 % (2024)

Change since 1850 +12.5%

Definition (source: Our World in Data): A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024. National CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). National CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (Gütschow et al., 2024). We construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021). Warming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST). The data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).

Citation: Jones et al. (2025) – with major processing by Our World in Data. “Share of global nitrous oxide emissions” [dataset]. Jones et al., “National contributions to climate change 2025.1” [original data]. Retrieved September 21, 2026 from https://archive.ourworldindata.org/20260910-011030/grapher/share-nitrous-oxide-emissions.html (archived on September 10, 2026).

N₂O from all sectors per capita single year 0.019 Mt CO2e/ person (2009) —

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) Emissions from buildings (Energy) 112 kt CO₂e (2024) +30%

Value 112 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +30.0%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from fugitive emissions (Energy) 11.4 kt CO₂e (2024) -45%

Value 11.4 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 -44.9%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from industrial combustion (Energy) 6.3 kt CO₂e (2024) +6200%

Value 6.3 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +6200.0%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from industrial processes 124 kt CO₂e (2024) +34%

Value 124 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +33.7%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from power industry (Energy) 51.1 kt CO₂e (2024) —

Value 51.1 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 —

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from transport (Energy) 9.1 kt CO₂e (2024) +4450%

Value 9.1 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +4450.0%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from waste 132 kt CO₂e (2024) +310%

Value 132 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +310.2%

Population (total) 14.6 M (2025) +382%

Value 14.6 M (2025)

Change since 1960 +382.1%

GDP (current US$) 16.4 B$ (2025) +13658%

Value 16.4 B$ (2025)

Change since 1960 +13658.1%

GDP per capita (current US$) 1.12 k$ (2025) +2754%

Value 1.12 k$ (2025)

Change since 1960 +2754.0%

Cropland area (% of land area) 13.7 % of land area (2023) +160%

Value 13.7 % of land area (2023)

Change since 1961 +160.0%

Number of Public Policies (All Years) single year 20 policies (2018) —

Number of Public Policies Enacted (by Year) 0 policies (2018) —

Value 0 policies (2018)

Change since 1905 —

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP) 20.3 % of GDP (2025) -73%

Value 20.3 % of GDP (2025)

Change since 1965 -72.9%

Cropland area (hectares) 1,497,071 ha (2023) +143%

Value 1,497,071 ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +143.4%

Socio-economic Information

N₂O Emissions by Sector

Indicators

Nitrogen-Related Policies & Regulations