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Indicators

Amount of N added to cropland through biological fixation 54.8 t (2023) +14%

Value 54.8 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +13.7%

Amount of N added to cropland through biological fixation, per hectare of cropland 2.28 kg/ha (2023) -95%

Value 2.28 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 -95.3%

N fertilizer consumption per capita 0.81 kg/person (2023) +153%

Value 0.81 kg/person (2023)

Change since 1982 +153.1%

Total nitrogen fertilizer production 2.94 kt (2020) +292%

Value 2.94 kt (2020)

Change since 2000 +292.4%

Definition (source: OECD): From the online data portal FAOSTAT maintained by the Statistics Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) : 'Nutrient nitrogen' is defined as total nitrogen (N) from all fertilizer products. The 'Fertilizers by Nutrient' domain contains information on agricultural use, production, and trade of chemical and mineral fertilizers, in tonnes of nutrient, for the three main plant nutrients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (expressed as P2O5) and potassium (expressed as K2O). The main data source for production and agricultural use is the FAOSTAT Fertilizers questionnaire, complemented with national publications when available. Agricultural use of fertilizers refers to the use for crops, livestock, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture, excluding use for animal feed. Industrial uses are excluded, to the extent allowed by data availability. Tonnes of nutrient nitrogen are calculated using conversion factors applied to volumes of nitrogenous fertilizers. For more information, please see: http://fenixservices.fao.org/faostat/static/documents/RFN/RFN_EN_README.pdf

Citation: OECD (2024). "Nutrient nitrogen production," Africa's Development Dynamics (AfDD): Table 23 - Ecological sustainability, OECD Data Explorer, https://data-explorer.oecd.org/vis?lc=en&tm=nitrogen&pg=0&snb=15&df[ds]=dsDisseminateFinalDMZ&df[id]=DSD_AFDD_STAT_ANNEX%40DF_TAB23&df[ag]=OECD.DEV.EMEA&df[vs]=1.0&dq=......A&pd=,&to[TIME_PERIOD]=false&vw=ov

Total nitrogen fertilizer production 0 t (2023) —

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 2013 —

Nitrogen fertilizer consumption per hectare of arable land 240 kg/ha (2023) +140%

Value 240 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1975 +140.2%

Nitrogen fertilizer use per hectare of cropland 64.9 kg/ha (2023) -35%

Value 64.9 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1975 -35.1%

Total N fertilizer production 2.59 Mt (2023) +18404%

Value 2.59 Mt (2023)

Change since 1973 +18404.3%

N fertilizer imports 2.06 kt (2023) +2469%

Value 2.06 kt (2023)

Change since 1981 +2468.8%

N fertilizer exports 2.23 Mt (2023) +223085%

Value 2.23 Mt (2023)

Change since 1973 +223085.2%

N fertilizer use per capita 0.52 kg/ person (2023) —

Value 0.52 kg/ person (2023)

Change since 1961 —

Agricultural use of N fertilizer 1.56 kt (2023) +678%

Value 1.56 kt (2023)

Change since 1975 +678.5%

N fertilizers use per area of cropland 64.9 kg/ha (2023) —

Value 64.9 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 —

Amount of N added to cropland through synthetic fertilizers, per hectare of cropland 74.1 kg/ha (2023) -63%

Value 74.1 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 -62.9%

Amount of N added to cropland through animal manure 3.51 kt (2023) +29329%

Value 3.51 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +29329.0%

Amount of N added to cropland through animal manure, per hectare of cropland 146 kg/ha (2023) +1126%

Value 146 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +1126.2%

N fertilizer use per value of agricultural production 8.86 g per $ (2023) —

Value 8.86 g per $ (2023)

Change since 1961 —

Agricultural use of nutrient nitrogen 1.5 t (2020) +200%

Value 1.5 t (2020)

Change since 2000 +200.0%

Definition (source: OECD): From the online data portal FAOSTAT maintained by the Statistics Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) : 'Nutrient nitrogen' is defined as total nitrogen (N) from all fertilizer products. The 'Fertilizers by Nutrient' domain contains information on agricultural use, production, and trade of chemical and mineral fertilizers, in tonnes of nutrient, for the three main plant nutrients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (expressed as P2O5) and potassium (expressed as K2O). The main data source for production and agricultural use is the FAOSTAT Fertilizers questionnaire, complemented with national publications when available. Agricultural use of fertilizers refers to the use for crops, livestock, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture, excluding use for animal feed. Industrial uses are excluded, to the extent allowed by data availability. Tonnes of nutrient nitrogen are calculated using conversion factors applied to volumes of nitrogenous fertilizers. For more information, please see: https://fenixservices.fao.org/faostat/static/documents/RFN/RFN_EN_README.pdf

Citation: OECD (2024). "Agricultural use of nutrient nitrogen," Africa's Development Dynamics (AfDD): Table 23 - Ecological sustainability, OECD Data Explorer, https://data-explorer.oecd.org/vis?lc=en&tm=nitrogen&pg=0&snb=15&df[ds]=dsDisseminateFinalDMZ&df[id]=DSD_AFDD_STAT_ANNEX%40DF_TAB23&df[ag]=OECD.DEV.EMEA&df[vs]=1.0&dq=......A&pd=,&to[TIME_PERIOD]=false&vw=ov

Export of ammonia (anhydrous) 613 kt (2024) +129%

Value 613 kt (2024)

Change since 2002 +129.0%

Export value of ammonia (anhydrous) 278 M$ (2024) +640%

Value 278 M$ (2024)

Change since 2002 +639.7%

Import of ammonia (anhydrous) 23.4 t (2024) -37%

Value 23.4 t (2024)

Change since 2002 -37.3%

Import value of ammonia (anhydrous) 30.3 k$ (2024) -43%

Value 30.3 k$ (2024)

Change since 2002 -42.5%

Production of ammonia (anhydrous) 3.62 Mt (2016) +4%

Value 3.62 Mt (2016)

Change since 2013 +3.5%

Export of ammonium nitrate 0.31 t (2022) -86%

Value 0.31 t (2022)

Change since 2017 -85.6%

Export value of ammonium nitrate 250 $ (2022) -77%

Value 250 $ (2022)

Change since 2017 -76.9%

Import of ammonium nitrate 47.8 t (2017) +1131%

Value 47.8 t (2017)

Change since 2002 +1130.9%

Import value of ammonium nitrate 29.8 k$ (2017) +988%

Value 29.8 k$ (2017)

Change since 2002 +987.6%

Export of ammonium sulphate 11 kt (2024) +32253%

Value 11 kt (2024)

Change since 2008 +32252.9%

Export value of ammonium sulphate 2.28 M$ (2024) +12653%

Value 2.28 M$ (2024)

Change since 2008 +12652.5%

Import of ammonium sulphate (Tonnes) 184 t (2024) +667%

Value 184 t (2024)

Change since 2002 +666.7%

Import value of ammonium sulphate (1000 USD) 72.7 k$ (2024) +1813%

Value 72.7 k$ (2024)

Change since 2002 +1813.2%

Agricultural use of calcium ammonium nitrate and other mixtures with calcium carbonate 1.32 kt (2023) +20%

Value 1.32 kt (2023)

Change since 2019 +20.0%

Export of calcium ammonium nitrate and other mixtures with calcium carbonate single year 2.65 kt (2013) —

Export value of calcium ammonium nitrate and other mixtures with calcium carbonate single year 748 k$ (2013) —

Import of calcium ammonium nitrate and other mixtures with calcium carbonate 19.4 t (2020) +508%

Value 19.4 t (2020)

Change since 2003 +507.5%

Import value of calcium ammonium nitrate and other mixtures with calcium carbonate 30.8 k$ (2020) +578%

Value 30.8 k$ (2020)

Change since 2003 +578.4%

Amount of N added to cropland through synthetic fertilizers 1.78 kt N (2023) +789%

Value 1.78 kt N (2023)

Change since 1961 +789.2%

Agricultural use of fertilizers n.e.c. 760 t (2023) -87%

Value 760 t (2023)

Change since 2019 -87.3%

Export of fertilizers n.e.c. 84.3 kt (2024) +13815830%

Value 84.3 kt (2024)

Change since 2002 +13815829.5%

Export value of fertilizers n.e.c. 19.1 M$ (2024) +305176%

Value 19.1 M$ (2024)

Change since 2002 +305176.0%

Import of fertilizers n.e.c. 351 t (2024) +84%

Value 351 t (2024)

Change since 2002 +84.4%

Import value of fertilizers n.e.c. 776 k$ (2024) +1321%

Value 776 k$ (2024)

Change since 2002 +1321.5%

Export of NPK fertilizers 60 t (2024) -99%

Value 60 t (2024)

Change since 2002 -99.3%

Export value of NPK fertilizers 60 k$ (2024) -99%

Value 60 k$ (2024)

Change since 2002 -99.3%

Import of NPK fertilizers 4.52 kt (2024) +1878%

Value 4.52 kt (2024)

Change since 2002 +1877.7%

Import value of NPK fertilizers 4.53 M$ (2024) +6272%

Value 4.53 M$ (2024)

Change since 2002 +6272.3%

Export of other nitrogenous fertilizers 16.4 kt (2024) -79%

Value 16.4 kt (2024)

Change since 2002 -79.0%

Export value of other nitrogenous fertilizers 4.93 M$ (2024) -54%

Value 4.93 M$ (2024)

Change since 2002 -54.0%

Import of other nitrogenous fertilizers 3.69 kt (2024) +4390%

Value 3.69 kt (2024)

Change since 2002 +4389.6%

Import value of other nitrogenous fertilizers 2.07 M$ (2024) +2213%

Value 2.07 M$ (2024)

Change since 2002 +2212.7%

Agriculture use of urea 210 kt (2016) +153%

Value 210 kt (2016)

Change since 2009 +153.0%

Export of urea and ammonium nitrate solutions 175 t (2017) -36%

Value 175 t (2017)

Change since 2011 -36.0%

Export value of urea and ammonium nitrate solutions 40.9 k$ (2017) -58%

Value 40.9 k$ (2017)

Change since 2011 -58.4%

Import value of urea and ammonium nitrate solutions 34.4 k$ (2017) +94%

Value 34.4 k$ (2017)

Change since 2003 +94.0%

Import of urea and ammonium nitrate solutions 5.98 t (2017) +731%

Value 5.98 t (2017)

Change since 2003 +730.6%

Export of urea 5.36 Mt (2024) +382%

Value 5.36 Mt (2024)

Change since 2002 +382.3%

Export value of urea 1.8 B$ (2024) +924%

Value 1.8 B$ (2024)

Change since 2002 +923.6%

Import of urea 1.02 kt (2024) +402%

Value 1.02 kt (2024)

Change since 2002 +401.7%

Import value of urea 607 k$ (2024) +1000%

Value 607 k$ (2024)

Change since 2002 +999.7%

Production of urea 6.38 kt (2018) -100%

Value 6.38 kt (2018)

Change since 2002 -99.6%

N lost from croplands through volatilisation 1.52 kt (2023) +42394%

Value 1.52 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +42394.3%

N added onto cropland from atmospheric deposition 97.6 t (2023) +11081%

Value 97.6 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +11080.6%

N added onto cropland from atmospheric deposition, per hectare of cropland 4.07 kg/ha (2023) +366%

Value 4.07 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +365.9%

N lost from croplands through leaching 857 kg/ha and ton (2023) +35862%

Value 857 kg/ha and ton (2023)

Change since 1961 +35861.8%

N lost from croplands through leaching, per hectare of cropland 35.7 kg/ha (2023) +1398%

Value 35.7 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +1398.4%

N lost from croplands through volatilisation, per hectare of cropland (kg/ha) 63.3 kg/ha (2023) +1671%

Value 63.3 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +1670.6%

Amount of N removed from cropland through crop harvesting 545 t (2023) +1606%

Value 545 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +1606.3%

Amount of N removed from cropland through crop residue 210 t (2023) +4232%

Value 210 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +4232.0%

Amount of N removed from cropland through crop harvesting, per hectare of cropland 22.7 kg/ha (2023) -29%

Value 22.7 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 -28.9%

Amount of N removed from cropland through crop residue, per hectare of cropland 8.76 kg/ha (2023) +80%

Value 8.76 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +80.5%

Nitrogen use efficiency 0.0975 % (2014) -99%

Value 0.0975 % (2014)

Change since 1961 -99.3%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) Emissions from agriculture 167 kt CO₂e (2024) +1861%

Value 167 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +1861.2%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from agriculture 260 Gt CO₂e (2023) +420%

Value 260 Gt CO₂e (2023)

Change since 1990 +420.0%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from agriculture per capita 87.3 t CO₂e/person (2023) -23%

Value 87.3 t CO₂e/person (2023)

Change since 1990 -23.2%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for barley 0 t (2023) —

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 1971 —

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for dry beans 0.0002 t (2023) +0%

Value 0.0002 t (2023)

Change since 2021 +0.0%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for maize 0.0002 t (2023) —

Value 0.0002 t (2023)

Change since 1989 —

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for potatoes 0 t (2023) —

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 1971 —

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for wheat 0 t (2023) —

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 1971 —

N₂O emissions from burning crop residues, for maize 0 t (2023) —

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 1989 —

N₂O emissions from burning crop residues, for wheat 0 t (2023) —

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 1961 —

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for barley 0 t (2023) —

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 1971 —

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for dry beans 0 t (2023) —

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 2021 —

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for maize 0.0001 t (2023) —

Value 0.0001 t (2023)

Change since 1989 —

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for potatoes 0 t (2023) —

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 1971 —

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for wheat 0 t (2023) —

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 1971 —

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for barley 0 t (2023) —

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 1971 —

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for dry beans 0.2 t (2023) +0%

Value 0.2 t (2023)

Change since 2021 +0.0%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for maize 0.3 t (2023) —

Value 0.3 t (2023)

Change since 1989 —

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for potatoes (kt) 0 t (2023) —

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 1971 —

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for wheat 0 t (2023) —

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 1971 —

Amount of N added to cropland through planting seeds 20.2 t (2023) +0%

Value 20.2 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +0.0%

N content from crop residues, for barley 2.17 t (2023) +22%

Value 2.17 t (2023)

Change since 1971 +22.0%

N content from crop residues, for dry beans 11.2 t (2023) +14%

Value 11.2 t (2023)

Change since 2021 +14.2%

N content from crop residues, for maize 15.4 t (2023) +1798%

Value 15.4 t (2023)

Change since 1989 +1798.2%

N content from crop residues, for potatoes 1.76 t (2023) +2417%

Value 1.76 t (2023)

Change since 1971 +2417.2%

N content from crop residues, for wheat 0.039 t (2023) -81%

Value 0.039 t (2023)

Change since 1971 -80.7%

Amount of N added to cropland through planting seeds, per hectare of cropland 0.842 kg/ha (2023) -96%

Value 0.842 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 -95.8%

Total nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, excluding LULUCF 837 kt CO₂e (2024) +856%

Value 837 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +855.6%

Total nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, excluding LULUCF (% change from 1990) 532 % change (2024) +12263%

Value 532 % change (2024)

Change since 1991 +12263.2%

N₂O emissions from all sectors 914 Gt CO₂e (2024) +5974%

Value 914 Gt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1850 +5974.2%

Share of global nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions 0.0311 % (2024) +197%

Value 0.0311 % (2024)

Change since 1850 +197.4%

Definition (source: Our World in Data): A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024. National CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). National CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (Gütschow et al., 2024). We construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021). Warming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST). The data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).

Citation: Jones et al. (2025) – with major processing by Our World in Data. “Share of global nitrous oxide emissions” [dataset]. Jones et al., “National contributions to climate change 2025.1” [original data]. Retrieved September 21, 2026 from https://archive.ourworldindata.org/20260910-011030/grapher/share-nitrous-oxide-emissions.html (archived on September 10, 2026).

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) Emissions from buildings (Energy) 300 t CO₂e (2024) +200%

Value 300 t CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +200.0%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from fugitive emissions (Energy) 29.1 kt CO₂e (2024) -35%

Value 29.1 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 -35.2%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from industrial combustion (Energy) 21.4 kt CO₂e (2024) +5250%

Value 21.4 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +5250.0%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from industrial processes 361 kt CO₂e (2024) +1140%

Value 361 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +1140.2%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from power industry (Energy) 14.2 kt CO₂e (2024) +2267%

Value 14.2 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +2266.7%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from transport (Energy) 164 kt CO₂e (2024) +7030%

Value 164 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +7030.4%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from waste 80.6 kt CO₂e (2024) +4378%

Value 80.6 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +4377.8%

Population (total) 2.97 M (2025) +8154%

Value 2.97 M (2025)

Change since 1960 +8153.9%

GDP (current US$) 216 B$ (2025) +71327%

Value 216 B$ (2025)

Change since 1970 +71326.7%

GDP per capita (current US$) 72.5 k$ (2025) +2696%

Value 72.5 k$ (2025)

Change since 1970 +2696.1%

Cropland area (% of land area) 0.261 % of land area (2023) +203%

Value 0.261 % of land area (2023)

Change since 1978 +203.1%

Number of Public Policies (All Years) single year 2 policies (2018) —

Number of Public Policies Enacted (by Year) 0 policies (2018) —

Value 0 policies (2018)

Change since 1905 —

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP) 0.306 % of GDP (2025) -42%

Value 0.306 % of GDP (2025)

Change since 1980 -41.5%

Cropland area (hectares) 24,000 ha (2023) +2300%

Value 24,000 ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +2300.0%

Socio-economic Information

N₂O Emissions by Sector

Indicators

Nitrogen-Related Policies & Regulations