Nepal

Indicators

Excess nitrogen per hectare of cropland single year 32.7 kg per hectare (2009) —

Excess nitrogen from croplands single year 138 kt (2009) —

Share of global excess nitrogen from croplands single year 0.183 % (2009) —

Amount of N added to cropland through biological fixation 67.1 kt (2023) +84%

Value 67.1 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +84.4%

Amount of N added to cropland through biological fixation, per hectare of cropland 34.4 kg/ha (2023) +73%

Value 34.4 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +73.3%

Which countries overapplied nitrogen without gains in crop yields? single year 0 % (2020) —

N fertilizer consumption per capita 0.22 kg/person (2023) —

Value 0.22 kg/person (2023)

Change since 1961 —

Total nitrogen fertilizer production 0 t (2020) —

Value 0 t (2020)

Change since 2002 —

Definition (source: OECD): From the online data portal FAOSTAT maintained by the Statistics Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) : 'Nutrient nitrogen' is defined as total nitrogen (N) from all fertilizer products. The 'Fertilizers by Nutrient' domain contains information on agricultural use, production, and trade of chemical and mineral fertilizers, in tonnes of nutrient, for the three main plant nutrients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (expressed as P2O5) and potassium (expressed as K2O). The main data source for production and agricultural use is the FAOSTAT Fertilizers questionnaire, complemented with national publications when available. Agricultural use of fertilizers refers to the use for crops, livestock, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture, excluding use for animal feed. Industrial uses are excluded, to the extent allowed by data availability. Tonnes of nutrient nitrogen are calculated using conversion factors applied to volumes of nitrogenous fertilizers. For more information, please see: http://fenixservices.fao.org/faostat/static/documents/RFN/RFN_EN_README.pdf

Citation: OECD (2024). "Nutrient nitrogen production," Africa's Development Dynamics (AfDD): Table 23 - Ecological sustainability, OECD Data Explorer, https://data-explorer.oecd.org/vis?lc=en&tm=nitrogen&pg=0&snb=15&df[ds]=dsDisseminateFinalDMZ&df[id]=DSD_AFDD_STAT_ANNEX%40DF_TAB23&df[ag]=OECD.DEV.EMEA&df[vs]=1.0&dq=......A&pd=,&to[TIME_PERIOD]=false&vw=ov

Total nitrogen fertilizer production 0 t (2023) —

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 2002 —

Nitrogen fertilizer consumption per hectare of arable land 67.8 kg/ha (2023) +82131%

Value 67.8 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +82131.0%

Total nitrogen inputs to crops single year 236 kt (2009) —

Nitrogen inputs per hectare of cropland single year 55.9 kg/ha (2009) —

Nitrogen fertilizer use per hectare of cropland 41 kg/ha (2023) +58543%

Value 41 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +58542.9%

Total N fertilizer production 0 t (2023) -100%

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 1983 -100.0%

N fertilizer imports 67.5 kt (2023) +50632%

Value 67.5 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +50632.3%

N fertilizer exports 0 t (2023) —

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 1990 —

N fertilizer use per capita 2.69 kg/ person (2023) +26800%

Value 2.69 kg/ person (2023)

Change since 1961 +26800.0%

Agricultural use of N fertilizer 80 kt (2023) +60044%

Value 80 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +60043.6%

N fertilizers use per area of cropland 41 kg/ha (2023) +58543%

Value 41 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +58542.9%

Amount of N added to cropland through synthetic fertilizers, per hectare of cropland 50.8 kg/ha (2023) +25274%

Value 50.8 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +25273.7%

Amount of N added to cropland through animal manure 76.7 kt (2023) +128%

Value 76.7 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +127.7%

Amount of N added to cropland through animal manure, per hectare of cropland 39.3 kg/ha (2023) +114%

Value 39.3 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +114.0%

N fertilizer use per value of agricultural production 7.57 g per $ (2023) +10714%

Value 7.57 g per $ (2023)

Change since 1961 +10714.3%

Agricultural use of nutrient nitrogen 132 t (2020) +155%

Value 132 t (2020)

Change since 2000 +155.4%

Definition (source: OECD): From the online data portal FAOSTAT maintained by the Statistics Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) : 'Nutrient nitrogen' is defined as total nitrogen (N) from all fertilizer products. The 'Fertilizers by Nutrient' domain contains information on agricultural use, production, and trade of chemical and mineral fertilizers, in tonnes of nutrient, for the three main plant nutrients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (expressed as P2O5) and potassium (expressed as K2O). The main data source for production and agricultural use is the FAOSTAT Fertilizers questionnaire, complemented with national publications when available. Agricultural use of fertilizers refers to the use for crops, livestock, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture, excluding use for animal feed. Industrial uses are excluded, to the extent allowed by data availability. Tonnes of nutrient nitrogen are calculated using conversion factors applied to volumes of nitrogenous fertilizers. For more information, please see: https://fenixservices.fao.org/faostat/static/documents/RFN/RFN_EN_README.pdf

Citation: OECD (2024). "Agricultural use of nutrient nitrogen," Africa's Development Dynamics (AfDD): Table 23 - Ecological sustainability, OECD Data Explorer, https://data-explorer.oecd.org/vis?lc=en&tm=nitrogen&pg=0&snb=15&df[ds]=dsDisseminateFinalDMZ&df[id]=DSD_AFDD_STAT_ANNEX%40DF_TAB23&df[ag]=OECD.DEV.EMEA&df[vs]=1.0&dq=......A&pd=,&to[TIME_PERIOD]=false&vw=ov

Export of ammonia (anhydrous) single year 0.01 t (2010) —

Export value of ammonia (anhydrous) single year 290 $ (2010) —

Import of ammonia (anhydrous) 200 t (2022) +13212%

Value 200 t (2022)

Change since 2003 +13212.0%

Import value of ammonia (anhydrous) 233 k$ (2022) +14474%

Value 233 k$ (2022)

Change since 2003 +14474.4%

Agricultural use of ammonium nitrate 0 t (2015) —

Value 0 t (2015)

Change since 2010 —

Import of ammonium nitrate 450 t (2022) +320%

Value 450 t (2022)

Change since 2009 +319.8%

Import value of ammonium nitrate 645 k$ (2022) +1214%

Value 645 k$ (2022)

Change since 2009 +1214.2%

Production of ammonium nitrate 0 t (2014) —

Value 0 t (2014)

Change since 2007 —

Agricultural use of ammonium sulphate 0 t (2015) -100%

Value 0 t (2015)

Change since 2003 -100.0%

Import of ammonium sulphate (Tonnes) 4.26 kt (2022) -36%

Value 4.26 kt (2022)

Change since 2003 -36.2%

Import value of ammonium sulphate (1000 USD) 891 k$ (2022) -6%

Value 891 k$ (2022)

Change since 2003 -6.1%

Production of ammonium sulphate (Tonnes) 0 t (2017) —

Value 0 t (2017)

Change since 2007 —

Agricultural use of calcium ammonium nitrate and other mixtures with calcium carbonate 0 t (2014) —

Value 0 t (2014)

Change since 2010 —

Import of calcium ammonium nitrate and other mixtures with calcium carbonate 0 t (2020) —

Value 0 t (2020)

Change since 2011 —

Import value of calcium ammonium nitrate and other mixtures with calcium carbonate 30 $ (2020) -62%

Value 30 $ (2020)

Change since 2011 -62.5%

Production of calcium ammonium nitrate and other mixtures with calcium carbonate 0 t (2014) —

Value 0 t (2014)

Change since 2007 —

Amount of N added to cropland through synthetic fertilizers 99 kt N (2023) +26911%

Value 99 kt N (2023)

Change since 1961 +26911.1%

Import of fertilizers n.e.c. 7.98 kt (2022) +698%

Value 7.98 kt (2022)

Change since 2003 +697.6%

Import value of fertilizers n.e.c. 1.77 M$ (2022) +667%

Value 1.77 M$ (2022)

Change since 2003 +666.8%

Agricultural use of NPK fertilizers 0 t (2010) -100%

Value 0 t (2010)

Change since 2007 -100.0%

Export of NPK fertilizers single year 5 t (2022) —

Export value of NPK fertilizers single year 5 k$ (2022) —

Import of NPK fertilizers 2.7 kt (2022) -68%

Value 2.7 kt (2022)

Change since 2003 -68.0%

Import value of NPK fertilizers 910 k$ (2022) -51%

Value 910 k$ (2022)

Change since 2003 -51.3%

Production of NPK fertilizers 0 t (2011) —

Value 0 t (2011)

Change since 2007 —

Import of other nitrogenous fertilizers 474 t (2022) -58%

Value 474 t (2022)

Change since 2003 -58.2%

Import value of other nitrogenous fertilizers 178 k$ (2022) -7%

Value 178 k$ (2022)

Change since 2003 -6.6%

Agriculture use of urea 143 kt (2022) +128%

Value 143 kt (2022)

Change since 2003 +127.7%

Agriculture use of urea and ammonium nitrate solutions 0 t (2015) —

Value 0 t (2015)

Change since 2010 —

Import value of urea and ammonium nitrate solutions 7.48 k$ (2022) -100%

Value 7.48 k$ (2022)

Change since 2010 -99.8%

Production of urea and ammonium nitrate solutions 0 t (2014) —

Value 0 t (2014)

Change since 2007 —

Import of urea and ammonium nitrate solutions 1.46 t (2022) -100%

Value 1.46 t (2022)

Change since 2010 -100.0%

Export of urea single year 0.05 t (2009) —

Export value of urea single year 3.06 k$ (2009) —

Import of urea 111 kt (2022) +461%

Value 111 kt (2022)

Change since 2003 +461.3%

Import value of urea 93.4 M$ (2022) +2799%

Value 93.4 M$ (2022)

Change since 2003 +2798.6%

Production of urea 0 t (2017) —

Value 0 t (2017)

Change since 2007 —

N lost from croplands through volatilisation 47 kt (2023) +364%

Value 47 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +363.5%

N added onto cropland from atmospheric deposition 61.1 kt (2023) +112%

Value 61.1 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +111.5%

N added onto cropland from atmospheric deposition, per hectare of cropland 31.4 kg/ha (2023) +99%

Value 31.4 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +98.8%

N lost from croplands through leaching 23,334 kg/ha and ton (2023) +246%

Value 23,334 kg/ha and ton (2023)

Change since 1961 +245.9%

N lost from croplands through leaching, per hectare of cropland 12 kg/ha (2023) +225%

Value 12 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +225.0%

N lost from croplands through volatilisation, per hectare of cropland (kg/ha) 24.1 kg/ha (2023) +335%

Value 24.1 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +335.5%

Amount of N removed from cropland through crop harvesting 243 kt (2023) +391%

Value 243 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +390.5%

Amount of N removed from cropland through crop residue 39.4 kt (2023) +152%

Value 39.4 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +152.1%

Amount of N removed from cropland through crop harvesting, per hectare of cropland 125 kg/ha (2023) +361%

Value 125 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +360.9%

Amount of N removed from cropland through crop residue, per hectare of cropland 20.2 kg/ha (2023) +137%

Value 20.2 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +136.9%

Nitrogen use efficiency 43.6 % (2014) +16%

Value 43.6 % (2014)

Change since 1961 +16.3%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) Emissions from agriculture 3.33 Mt CO₂e (2024) +107%

Value 3.33 Mt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +106.6%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from agriculture 4,370 Gt CO₂e (2023) +46%

Value 4,370 Gt CO₂e (2023)

Change since 1990 +46.2%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from agriculture per capita 147 t CO₂e/person (2023) -4%

Value 147 t CO₂e/person (2023)

Change since 1990 -3.9%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for barley 0.0058 t (2023) +29%

Value 0.0058 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +28.9%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for dry beans 0.0041 t (2023) +86%

Value 0.0041 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +86.4%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for maize 0.411 t (2023) +223%

Value 0.411 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +222.5%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for millet 0.0573 t (2023) +377%

Value 0.0573 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +377.5%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for potatoes 0.123 t (2023) +613%

Value 0.123 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +612.7%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for rice 1.13 t (2023) +94%

Value 1.13 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +93.5%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for soya beans 0.01 t (2023) +900%

Value 0.01 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +900.0%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for wheat 0.429 t (2023) +1258%

Value 0.429 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +1257.9%

N₂O emissions from burning crop residues, for maize 0.0658 t (2023) +118%

Value 0.0658 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +117.9%

N₂O emissions from burning crop residues, for sugar cane 0.0029 t (2023) +867%

Value 0.0029 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +866.7%

N₂O emissions from burning crop residues, for rice 0.0554 t (2023) +32%

Value 0.0554 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +32.2%

N₂O emissions from burning crop residues, for wheat 0.0195 t (2023) +529%

Value 0.0195 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +529.0%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for barley 0.0013 t (2023) +30%

Value 0.0013 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +30.0%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for dry beans 0.0009 t (2023) +80%

Value 0.0009 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +80.0%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for maize 0.0925 t (2023) +222%

Value 0.0925 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +222.3%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for millet 0.0129 t (2023) +378%

Value 0.0129 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +377.8%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for potatoes 0.0277 t (2023) +610%

Value 0.0277 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +610.3%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for rice 0.254 t (2023) +94%

Value 0.254 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +93.5%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for soya beans 0.0022 t (2023) +1000%

Value 0.0022 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +1000.0%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for wheat 0.0965 t (2023) +1259%

Value 0.0965 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +1259.2%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for barley 7.1 t (2023) +29%

Value 7.1 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +29.1%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for dry beans 5 t (2023) +85%

Value 5 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +85.2%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for maize 503 t (2023) +222%

Value 503 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +222.5%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for millet 70.2 t (2023) +378%

Value 70.2 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +377.6%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for potatoes (kt) 151 t (2023) +613%

Value 151 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +612.7%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for rice 1.38 kt (2023) +94%

Value 1.38 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +93.5%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for soya beans 12.2 t (2023) +917%

Value 12.2 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +916.7%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for wheat 526 t (2023) +1258%

Value 526 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +1258.1%

Amount of N added to cropland through planting seeds 5.16 kt (2023) +151%

Value 5.16 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +150.8%

N content from crop residues, for barley 371 t (2023) +31%

Value 371 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +30.6%

N content from crop residues, for dry beans 258 t (2023) +83%

Value 258 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +82.7%

N content from crop residues, for maize 26.1 kt (2023) +223%

Value 26.1 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +222.5%

N content from crop residues, for millet 3.65 kt (2023) +378%

Value 3.65 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +378.3%

N content from crop residues, for oats 3.65 kt (2023) +378%

Value 3.65 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +378.3%

N content from crop residues, for potatoes 7.85 kt (2023) +611%

Value 7.85 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +611.3%

N content from crop residues, for rice 71.8 kt (2023) +94%

Value 71.8 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +93.5%

N content from crop residues, for soya beans 636 t (2023) +883%

Value 636 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +883.3%

N content from crop residues, for wheat 27.3 kt (2023) +1260%

Value 27.3 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +1259.8%

Amount of N added to cropland through planting seeds, per hectare of cropland 2.65 kg/ha (2023) +136%

Value 2.65 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +135.6%

Total nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, excluding LULUCF 4.98 Mt CO₂e (2024) +138%

Value 4.98 Mt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +138.1%

Total nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, excluding LULUCF (% change from 1990) 51 % change (2024) +3759%

Value 51 % change (2024)

Change since 1991 +3759.2%

Total nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, excluding LULUCF 5.07 Gt CO₂e (2022) +117%

Value 5.07 Gt CO₂e (2022)

Change since 1994 +116.6%

N₂O emissions from all sectors 6,978 Gt CO₂e (2024) +994%

Value 6,978 Gt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1850 +994.1%

Share of global nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions 0.238 % (2024) -46%

Value 0.238 % (2024)

Change since 1850 -46.4%

Definition (source: Our World in Data): A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024. National CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). National CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (Gütschow et al., 2024). We construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021). Warming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST). The data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).

Citation: Jones et al. (2025) – with major processing by Our World in Data. “Share of global nitrous oxide emissions” [dataset]. Jones et al., “National contributions to climate change 2025.1” [original data]. Retrieved September 21, 2026 from https://archive.ourworldindata.org/20260910-011030/grapher/share-nitrous-oxide-emissions.html (archived on September 10, 2026).

N₂O from all sectors per capita single year 0.183 Mt CO2e/ person (2009) —

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) Emissions from buildings (Energy) 568 kt CO₂e (2024) +89%

Value 568 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +89.5%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from fugitive emissions (Energy) 300 t CO₂e (2024) —

Value 300 t CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 —

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from industrial combustion (Energy) 84.6 kt CO₂e (2024) +9300%

Value 84.6 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +9300.0%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from industrial processes 467 kt CO₂e (2024) +416%

Value 467 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +415.6%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from power industry (Energy) 0 t CO₂e (2024) -100%

Value 0 t CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 -100.0%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from transport (Energy) 81.3 kt CO₂e (2024) +5320%

Value 81.3 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +5320.0%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from waste 448 kt CO₂e (2024) +421%

Value 448 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +420.6%

Population (total) 29.6 M (2025) +193%

Value 29.6 M (2025)

Change since 1960 +192.6%

GDP (current US$) 45.5 B$ (2025) +8849%

Value 45.5 B$ (2025)

Change since 1960 +8848.8%

GDP per capita (current US$) 1.54 k$ (2025) +2959%

Value 1.54 k$ (2025)

Change since 1960 +2958.8%

Cropland area (% of land area) 1.01 % of land area (2023) +479%

Value 1.01 % of land area (2023)

Change since 1961 +478.6%

Number of Public Policies (All Years) single year 6 policies (2018) —

Number of Public Policies Enacted (by Year) 0 policies (2018) —

Value 0 policies (2018)

Change since 1905 —

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP) 21.6 % of GDP (2025) -67%

Value 21.6 % of GDP (2025)

Change since 1965 -66.6%

Cropland area (hectares) 1,948,800 ha (2023) +6%

Value 1,948,800 ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +6.4%

Socio-economic Information

N₂O Emissions by Sector

Indicators

Nitrogen-Related Policies & Regulations