Mali

Indicators

Excess nitrogen per hectare of cropland single year 7.83 kg per hectare (2009) —

Excess nitrogen from croplands single year 20.3 kt (2009) —

Share of global excess nitrogen from croplands single year 0.027 % (2009) —

Amount of N added to cropland through biological fixation 75.9 kt (2023) +317%

Value 75.9 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +317.0%

Amount of N added to cropland through biological fixation, per hectare of cropland 8.78 kg/ha (2023) -18%

Value 8.78 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 -18.0%

Which countries overapplied nitrogen without gains in crop yields? single year 1.61 % (2020) —

N fertilizer consumption per capita 0.46 kg/person (2023) +4500%

Value 0.46 kg/person (2023)

Change since 1972 +4500.0%

Total nitrogen fertilizer production 0 t (2020) —

Value 0 t (2020)

Change since 2002 —

Definition (source: OECD): From the online data portal FAOSTAT maintained by the Statistics Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) : 'Nutrient nitrogen' is defined as total nitrogen (N) from all fertilizer products. The 'Fertilizers by Nutrient' domain contains information on agricultural use, production, and trade of chemical and mineral fertilizers, in tonnes of nutrient, for the three main plant nutrients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (expressed as P2O5) and potassium (expressed as K2O). The main data source for production and agricultural use is the FAOSTAT Fertilizers questionnaire, complemented with national publications when available. Agricultural use of fertilizers refers to the use for crops, livestock, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture, excluding use for animal feed. Industrial uses are excluded, to the extent allowed by data availability. Tonnes of nutrient nitrogen are calculated using conversion factors applied to volumes of nitrogenous fertilizers. For more information, please see: http://fenixservices.fao.org/faostat/static/documents/RFN/RFN_EN_README.pdf

Citation: OECD (2024). "Nutrient nitrogen production," Africa's Development Dynamics (AfDD): Table 23 - Ecological sustainability, OECD Data Explorer, https://data-explorer.oecd.org/vis?lc=en&tm=nitrogen&pg=0&snb=15&df[ds]=dsDisseminateFinalDMZ&df[id]=DSD_AFDD_STAT_ANNEX%40DF_TAB23&df[ag]=OECD.DEV.EMEA&df[vs]=1.0&dq=......A&pd=,&to[TIME_PERIOD]=false&vw=ov

Total nitrogen fertilizer production 0 t (2023) —

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 2002 —

Nitrogen fertilizer consumption per hectare of arable land 8.54 kg/ha (2023) +21092%

Value 8.54 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +21092.3%

Total nitrogen inputs to crops single year 50.1 kt (2009) —

Nitrogen inputs per hectare of cropland single year 19.3 kg/ha (2009) —

Nitrogen fertilizer use per hectare of cropland 6.15 kg/ha (2023) +61400%

Value 6.15 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +61400.0%

Total N fertilizer production 0 t (2023) —

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 2002 —

N fertilizer imports 61.2 kt (2023) +291105%

Value 61.2 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +291104.8%

N fertilizer exports 7.41 kt (2023) +185250%

Value 7.41 kt (2023)

Change since 1990 +185250.0%

N fertilizer use per capita 2.23 kg/ person (2023) —

Value 2.23 kg/ person (2023)

Change since 1961 —

Agricultural use of N fertilizer 53.1 kt (2023) +252848%

Value 53.1 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +252847.6%

N fertilizers use per area of cropland 7.55 kg/ha (2023) +75400%

Value 7.55 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +75400.0%

Amount of N added to cropland through synthetic fertilizers, per hectare of cropland 9.34 kg/ha (2023) +75192%

Value 9.34 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +75191.9%

Amount of N added to cropland through animal manure 41.4 kt (2023) +471%

Value 41.4 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +471.2%

Amount of N added to cropland through animal manure, per hectare of cropland 4.79 kg/ha (2023) +12%

Value 4.79 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +12.3%

N fertilizer use per value of agricultural production 6.53 g per $ (2023) +32550%

Value 6.53 g per $ (2023)

Change since 1961 +32550.0%

Agricultural use of nutrient nitrogen 157 t (2020) +1137%

Value 157 t (2020)

Change since 2000 +1137.1%

Definition (source: OECD): From the online data portal FAOSTAT maintained by the Statistics Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) : 'Nutrient nitrogen' is defined as total nitrogen (N) from all fertilizer products. The 'Fertilizers by Nutrient' domain contains information on agricultural use, production, and trade of chemical and mineral fertilizers, in tonnes of nutrient, for the three main plant nutrients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (expressed as P2O5) and potassium (expressed as K2O). The main data source for production and agricultural use is the FAOSTAT Fertilizers questionnaire, complemented with national publications when available. Agricultural use of fertilizers refers to the use for crops, livestock, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture, excluding use for animal feed. Industrial uses are excluded, to the extent allowed by data availability. Tonnes of nutrient nitrogen are calculated using conversion factors applied to volumes of nitrogenous fertilizers. For more information, please see: https://fenixservices.fao.org/faostat/static/documents/RFN/RFN_EN_README.pdf

Citation: OECD (2024). "Agricultural use of nutrient nitrogen," Africa's Development Dynamics (AfDD): Table 23 - Ecological sustainability, OECD Data Explorer, https://data-explorer.oecd.org/vis?lc=en&tm=nitrogen&pg=0&snb=15&df[ds]=dsDisseminateFinalDMZ&df[id]=DSD_AFDD_STAT_ANNEX%40DF_TAB23&df[ag]=OECD.DEV.EMEA&df[vs]=1.0&dq=......A&pd=,&to[TIME_PERIOD]=false&vw=ov

Export of ammonia (anhydrous) single year 0.22 t (2008) —

Export value of ammonia (anhydrous) single year 3.19 k$ (2008) —

Import of ammonia (anhydrous) 1.01 t (2021) +15%

Value 1.01 t (2021)

Change since 2002 +14.8%

Import value of ammonia (anhydrous) 5.82 k$ (2021) +81%

Value 5.82 k$ (2021)

Change since 2002 +80.7%

Export of ammonium nitrate 125 t (2022) +92%

Value 125 t (2022)

Change since 2002 +92.4%

Export value of ammonium nitrate 73.8 k$ (2022) +184%

Value 73.8 k$ (2022)

Change since 2002 +183.9%

Import of ammonium nitrate 8.05 kt (2024) +43%

Value 8.05 kt (2024)

Change since 2002 +42.6%

Import value of ammonium nitrate 2.66 M$ (2024) +9%

Value 2.66 M$ (2024)

Change since 2002 +8.9%

Export of ammonium sulphate 6.62 kt (2019) +165475%

Value 6.62 kt (2019)

Change since 2002 +165475.0%

Export value of ammonium sulphate 1.57 M$ (2019) +92530%

Value 1.57 M$ (2019)

Change since 2002 +92530.0%

Import of ammonium sulphate (Tonnes) 3.02 kt (2024) +1252%

Value 3.02 kt (2024)

Change since 2002 +1252.0%

Import value of ammonium sulphate (1000 USD) 636 k$ (2024) +1222%

Value 636 k$ (2024)

Change since 2002 +1221.5%

Import of calcium ammonium nitrate and other mixtures with calcium carbonate 43.2 t (2022) -97%

Value 43.2 t (2022)

Change since 2007 -97.3%

Import value of calcium ammonium nitrate and other mixtures with calcium carbonate 36.2 k$ (2022) -96%

Value 36.2 k$ (2022)

Change since 2007 -96.4%

Amount of N added to cropland through synthetic fertilizers 80.7 kt N (2023) +383995%

Value 80.7 kt N (2023)

Change since 1961 +383995.2%

Export of fertilizers n.e.c. 31 t (2022) -95%

Value 31 t (2022)

Change since 2007 -94.6%

Export value of fertilizers n.e.c. 14.3 k$ (2022) -94%

Value 14.3 k$ (2022)

Change since 2007 -94.0%

Import of fertilizers n.e.c. 291 t (2024) -3%

Value 291 t (2024)

Change since 2002 -2.6%

Import value of fertilizers n.e.c. 357 k$ (2024) +443%

Value 357 k$ (2024)

Change since 2002 +443.2%

Export of NPK fertilizers 29.1 kt (2024) +1601%

Value 29.1 kt (2024)

Change since 2007 +1601.2%

Export value of NPK fertilizers 29.1 M$ (2024) +1601%

Value 29.1 M$ (2024)

Change since 2007 +1601.2%

Import of NPK fertilizers 47.5 kt (2024) -60%

Value 47.5 kt (2024)

Change since 2002 -60.4%

Import value of NPK fertilizers 19.6 M$ (2024) -38%

Value 19.6 M$ (2024)

Change since 2002 -38.1%

Export of other nitrogenous fertilizers 4.2 t (2019) +40%

Value 4.2 t (2019)

Change since 2007 +40.0%

Export value of other nitrogenous fertilizers 10.9 k$ (2019) +632%

Value 10.9 k$ (2019)

Change since 2007 +631.5%

Import of other nitrogenous fertilizers 115 t (2024) -97%

Value 115 t (2024)

Change since 2002 -96.5%

Import value of other nitrogenous fertilizers 30.2 k$ (2024) -98%

Value 30.2 k$ (2024)

Change since 2002 -98.0%

Import value of urea and ammonium nitrate solutions single year 301 k$ (2022) —

Import of urea and ammonium nitrate solutions single year 210 t (2022) —

Export of urea 60 t (2023) +500%

Value 60 t (2023)

Change since 2004 +500.0%

Export value of urea 12.9 k$ (2023) +134%

Value 12.9 k$ (2023)

Change since 2004 +134.0%

Import of urea 51.5 kt (2024) -26%

Value 51.5 kt (2024)

Change since 2002 -25.5%

Import value of urea 12.3 M$ (2024) -17%

Value 12.3 M$ (2024)

Change since 2002 -16.7%

N lost from croplands through volatilisation 28.3 kt (2023) +1201%

Value 28.3 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +1200.9%

N added onto cropland from atmospheric deposition 39 kt (2023) +645%

Value 39 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +645.1%

N added onto cropland from atmospheric deposition, per hectare of cropland 4.52 kg/ha (2023) +46%

Value 4.52 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +46.4%

N lost from croplands through leaching 13,585 kg/ha and ton (2023) +837%

Value 13,585 kg/ha and ton (2023)

Change since 1961 +836.6%

N lost from croplands through leaching, per hectare of cropland 1.57 kg/ha (2023) +84%

Value 1.57 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +84.1%

N lost from croplands through volatilisation, per hectare of cropland (kg/ha) 3.28 kg/ha (2023) +156%

Value 3.28 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +155.7%

Amount of N removed from cropland through crop harvesting 255 kt (2023) +847%

Value 255 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +846.8%

Amount of N removed from cropland through crop residue 115 kt (2023) +1096%

Value 115 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +1095.6%

Amount of N removed from cropland through crop harvesting, per hectare of cropland 29.5 kg/ha (2023) +86%

Value 29.5 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +86.1%

Amount of N removed from cropland through crop residue, per hectare of cropland 13.3 kg/ha (2023) +135%

Value 13.3 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +135.0%

Nitrogen use efficiency 60.2 % (2014) -1%

Value 60.2 % (2014)

Change since 1961 -1.5%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) Emissions from agriculture 9.81 Mt CO₂e (2024) +283%

Value 9.81 Mt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +283.4%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from agriculture 13,760 Gt CO₂e (2023) +154%

Value 13,760 Gt CO₂e (2023)

Change since 1990 +154.3%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from agriculture per capita 579 t CO₂e/person (2023) -2%

Value 579 t CO₂e/person (2023)

Change since 1990 -1.8%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for dry beans 0.0151 t (2023) +24%

Value 0.0151 t (2023)

Change since 2012 +23.8%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for maize 0.497 t (2023) +3423%

Value 0.497 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +3423.4%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for millet 0.37 t (2023) +293%

Value 0.37 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +292.8%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for potatoes 0.0069 t (2023) +667%

Value 0.0069 t (2023)

Change since 1990 +666.7%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for rice 0.64 t (2023) +730%

Value 0.64 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +730.4%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for sorghum 0.431 t (2023) +262%

Value 0.431 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +262.0%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for soya beans 0.0106 t (2023) +5200%

Value 0.0106 t (2023)

Change since 1980 +5200.0%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for wheat 0.0075 t (2023) +837%

Value 0.0075 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +837.5%

N₂O emissions from burning crop residues, for maize 0.106 t (2023) +1576%

Value 0.106 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +1576.2%

N₂O emissions from burning crop residues, for sugar cane 0.0005 t (2023) —

Value 0.0005 t (2023)

Change since 1961 —

N₂O emissions from burning crop residues, for rice 0.0349 t (2023) +399%

Value 0.0349 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +398.6%

N₂O emissions from burning crop residues, for wheat 0.0002 t (2023) +100%

Value 0.0002 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +100.0%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for dry beans 0.0034 t (2023) +26%

Value 0.0034 t (2023)

Change since 2012 +25.9%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for maize 0.112 t (2023) +3394%

Value 0.112 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +3393.8%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for millet 0.0833 t (2023) +293%

Value 0.0833 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +292.9%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for potatoes 0.0016 t (2023) +700%

Value 0.0016 t (2023)

Change since 1990 +700.0%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for rice 0.144 t (2023) +728%

Value 0.144 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +728.2%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for sorghum 0.097 t (2023) +262%

Value 0.097 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +261.9%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for soya beans 0.0024 t (2023) —

Value 0.0024 t (2023)

Change since 1980 —

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for wheat 0.0017 t (2023) +750%

Value 0.0017 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +750.0%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for dry beans 18.5 t (2023) +23%

Value 18.5 t (2023)

Change since 2012 +23.3%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for maize 609 t (2023) +3418%

Value 609 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +3417.9%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for millet 454 t (2023) +293%

Value 454 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +292.8%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for potatoes (kt) 8.5 t (2023) +673%

Value 8.5 t (2023)

Change since 1990 +672.7%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for rice 784 t (2023) +730%

Value 784 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +729.9%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for sorghum 528 t (2023) +262%

Value 528 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +262.0%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for soya beans 12.9 t (2023) +6350%

Value 12.9 t (2023)

Change since 1980 +6350.0%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for wheat 9.2 t (2023) +820%

Value 9.2 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +820.0%

Amount of N added to cropland through planting seeds 4.22 kt (2023) +173%

Value 4.22 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +172.5%

N content from crop residues, for dry beans 962 t (2023) +24%

Value 962 t (2023)

Change since 2012 +23.8%

N content from crop residues, for maize 31.6 kt (2023) +3418%

Value 31.6 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +3418.1%

N content from crop residues, for millet 23.6 kt (2023) +293%

Value 23.6 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +292.7%

N content from crop residues, for oats 23.6 kt (2023) +293%

Value 23.6 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +292.7%

N content from crop residues, for potatoes 442 t (2023) +647%

Value 442 t (2023)

Change since 1990 +647.3%

N content from crop residues, for rice 40.7 kt (2023) +730%

Value 40.7 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +729.9%

N content from crop residues, for sorghum 27.4 kt (2023) +262%

Value 27.4 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +261.9%

N content from crop residues, for soya beans 672 t (2023) +5124%

Value 672 t (2023)

Change since 1980 +5123.9%

N content from crop residues, for wheat 478 t (2023) +791%

Value 478 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +791.1%

Amount of N added to cropland through planting seeds, per hectare of cropland 0.488 kg/ha (2023) -46%

Value 0.488 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 -46.4%

Total nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, excluding LULUCF 10.6 Mt CO₂e (2024) +297%

Value 10.6 Mt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +296.9%

Total nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, excluding LULUCF (% change from 1990) 243 % change (2024) +20375%

Value 243 % change (2024)

Change since 1991 +20375.2%

N₂O emissions from all sectors 13,773 Gt CO₂e (2024) +5313%

Value 13,773 Gt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1850 +5313.3%

Share of global nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions 0.469 % (2024) +165%

Value 0.469 % (2024)

Change since 1850 +165.1%

Definition (source: Our World in Data): A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024. National CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). National CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (Gütschow et al., 2024). We construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021). Warming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST). The data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).

Citation: Jones et al. (2025) – with major processing by Our World in Data. “Share of global nitrous oxide emissions” [dataset]. Jones et al., “National contributions to climate change 2025.1” [original data]. Retrieved September 21, 2026 from https://archive.ourworldindata.org/20260910-011030/grapher/share-nitrous-oxide-emissions.html (archived on September 10, 2026).

N₂O from all sectors per capita single year 0.027 Mt CO2e/ person (2009) —

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) Emissions from buildings (Energy) 91.7 kt CO₂e (2024) +139%

Value 91.7 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +138.8%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from fugitive emissions (Energy) 6.6 kt CO₂e (2024) +6500%

Value 6.6 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +6500.0%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from industrial combustion (Energy) 2.3 kt CO₂e (2024) +130%

Value 2.3 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +130.0%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from industrial processes 366 kt CO₂e (2024) +1703%

Value 366 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +1703.4%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from power industry (Energy) 2.7 kt CO₂e (2024) —

Value 2.7 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 —

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from transport (Energy) 56.9 kt CO₂e (2024) +28350%

Value 56.9 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +28350.0%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from waste 288 kt CO₂e (2024) +394%

Value 288 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +394.0%

Population (total) 25.2 M (2025) +366%

Value 25.2 M (2025)

Change since 1960 +366.4%

GDP (current US$) 30.1 B$ (2025) +10815%

Value 30.1 B$ (2025)

Change since 1967 +10814.6%

GDP per capita (current US$) 1.19 k$ (2025) +2495%

Value 1.19 k$ (2025)

Change since 1967 +2494.9%

Cropland area (% of land area) 0.245 % of land area (2023) +397%

Value 0.245 % of land area (2023)

Change since 1961 +397.5%

Number of Public Policies (All Years) single year 6 policies (2018) —

Number of Public Policies Enacted (by Year) 0 policies (2018) —

Value 0 policies (2018)

Change since 1905 —

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP) 33 % of GDP (2025) -46%

Value 33 % of GDP (2025)

Change since 1967 -46.5%

Cropland area (hectares) 8,639,489 ha (2023) +409%

Value 8,639,489 ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +408.8%

Socio-economic Information

N₂O Emissions by Sector

Indicators

Nitrogen-Related Policies & Regulations