Malawi

Indicators

Excess nitrogen per hectare of cropland single year 17.9 kg per hectare (2009) —

Excess nitrogen from croplands single year 28.1 kt (2009) —

Share of global excess nitrogen from croplands single year 0.037 % (2009) —

Amount of N added to cropland through biological fixation 151 kt (2023) +475%

Value 151 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +475.4%

Amount of N added to cropland through biological fixation, per hectare of cropland 35.8 kg/ha (2023) +86%

Value 35.8 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +86.3%

Which countries overapplied nitrogen without gains in crop yields? single year 0 % (2020) —

N fertilizer consumption per capita 1.42 kg/person (2023) +647%

Value 1.42 kg/person (2023)

Change since 1961 +647.4%

Total nitrogen fertilizer production 0 t (2020) -100%

Value 0 t (2020)

Change since 2006 -100.0%

Definition (source: OECD): From the online data portal FAOSTAT maintained by the Statistics Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) : 'Nutrient nitrogen' is defined as total nitrogen (N) from all fertilizer products. The 'Fertilizers by Nutrient' domain contains information on agricultural use, production, and trade of chemical and mineral fertilizers, in tonnes of nutrient, for the three main plant nutrients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (expressed as P2O5) and potassium (expressed as K2O). The main data source for production and agricultural use is the FAOSTAT Fertilizers questionnaire, complemented with national publications when available. Agricultural use of fertilizers refers to the use for crops, livestock, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture, excluding use for animal feed. Industrial uses are excluded, to the extent allowed by data availability. Tonnes of nutrient nitrogen are calculated using conversion factors applied to volumes of nitrogenous fertilizers. For more information, please see: http://fenixservices.fao.org/faostat/static/documents/RFN/RFN_EN_README.pdf

Citation: OECD (2024). "Nutrient nitrogen production," Africa's Development Dynamics (AfDD): Table 23 - Ecological sustainability, OECD Data Explorer, https://data-explorer.oecd.org/vis?lc=en&tm=nitrogen&pg=0&snb=15&df[ds]=dsDisseminateFinalDMZ&df[id]=DSD_AFDD_STAT_ANNEX%40DF_TAB23&df[ag]=OECD.DEV.EMEA&df[vs]=1.0&dq=......A&pd=,&to[TIME_PERIOD]=false&vw=ov

Total nitrogen fertilizer production 0 t (2023) —

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 2011 —

Nitrogen fertilizer consumption per hectare of arable land 87.4 kg/ha (2023) +2441%

Value 87.4 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +2440.5%

Total nitrogen inputs to crops single year 45.6 kt (2009) —

Nitrogen inputs per hectare of cropland single year 29 kg/ha (2009) —

Nitrogen fertilizer use per hectare of cropland 65.2 kg/ha (2023) +3316%

Value 65.2 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +3315.7%

Total N fertilizer production 0 t (2023) -100%

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 2006 -100.0%

N fertilizer imports 125 kt (2023) +4723%

Value 125 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +4722.9%

N fertilizer exports 1.88 kt (2023) —

Value 1.88 kt (2023)

Change since 1990 —

N fertilizer use per capita 5.85 kg/ person (2023) +736%

Value 5.85 kg/ person (2023)

Change since 1961 +735.7%

Agricultural use of N fertilizer 124 kt (2023) +4651%

Value 124 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +4650.6%

N fertilizers use per area of cropland 28.8 kg/ha (2023) +1410%

Value 28.8 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +1409.9%

Amount of N added to cropland through synthetic fertilizers, per hectare of cropland 48.5 kg/ha (2023) +2438%

Value 48.5 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +2438.0%

Amount of N added to cropland through animal manure 135 kt (2023) +5936%

Value 135 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +5936.1%

Amount of N added to cropland through animal manure, per hectare of cropland 32.2 kg/ha (2023) +1854%

Value 32.2 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +1854.5%

N fertilizer use per value of agricultural production 12.2 g per $ (2023) +193%

Value 12.2 g per $ (2023)

Change since 1961 +193.5%

Agricultural use of nutrient nitrogen 77.3 t (2020) +123%

Value 77.3 t (2020)

Change since 2000 +123.5%

Definition (source: OECD): From the online data portal FAOSTAT maintained by the Statistics Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) : 'Nutrient nitrogen' is defined as total nitrogen (N) from all fertilizer products. The 'Fertilizers by Nutrient' domain contains information on agricultural use, production, and trade of chemical and mineral fertilizers, in tonnes of nutrient, for the three main plant nutrients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (expressed as P2O5) and potassium (expressed as K2O). The main data source for production and agricultural use is the FAOSTAT Fertilizers questionnaire, complemented with national publications when available. Agricultural use of fertilizers refers to the use for crops, livestock, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture, excluding use for animal feed. Industrial uses are excluded, to the extent allowed by data availability. Tonnes of nutrient nitrogen are calculated using conversion factors applied to volumes of nitrogenous fertilizers. For more information, please see: https://fenixservices.fao.org/faostat/static/documents/RFN/RFN_EN_README.pdf

Citation: OECD (2024). "Agricultural use of nutrient nitrogen," Africa's Development Dynamics (AfDD): Table 23 - Ecological sustainability, OECD Data Explorer, https://data-explorer.oecd.org/vis?lc=en&tm=nitrogen&pg=0&snb=15&df[ds]=dsDisseminateFinalDMZ&df[id]=DSD_AFDD_STAT_ANNEX%40DF_TAB23&df[ag]=OECD.DEV.EMEA&df[vs]=1.0&dq=......A&pd=,&to[TIME_PERIOD]=false&vw=ov

Import of ammonia (anhydrous) 20.1 t (2024) -23%

Value 20.1 t (2024)

Change since 2002 -22.7%

Import value of ammonia (anhydrous) 16.9 k$ (2024) +100%

Value 16.9 k$ (2024)

Change since 2002 +99.5%

Production of ammonia (anhydrous) 0 t (2024) —

Value 0 t (2024)

Change since 2021 —

Agricultural use of ammonium nitrate 510 t (2011) -83%

Value 510 t (2011)

Change since 2002 -83.1%

Export of ammonium nitrate 60 t (2015) -69%

Value 60 t (2015)

Change since 2004 -69.2%

Export value of ammonium nitrate 35.4 k$ (2015) -46%

Value 35.4 k$ (2015)

Change since 2004 -45.5%

Import of ammonium nitrate 160 t (2024) -84%

Value 160 t (2024)

Change since 2002 -83.7%

Import value of ammonium nitrate 152 k$ (2024) -40%

Value 152 k$ (2024)

Change since 2002 -40.2%

Production of ammonium nitrate 160 t (2024) —

Value 160 t (2024)

Change since 2011 —

Agricultural use of ammonium sulphate 821 t (2016) -93%

Value 821 t (2016)

Change since 2002 -92.5%

Export of ammonium sulphate 510 t (2023) +160%

Value 510 t (2023)

Change since 2004 +160.2%

Export value of ammonium sulphate 361 k$ (2023) +507%

Value 361 k$ (2023)

Change since 2004 +506.9%

Import of ammonium sulphate (Tonnes) 29 kt (2024) +248%

Value 29 kt (2024)

Change since 2002 +247.8%

Import value of ammonium sulphate (1000 USD) 12.3 M$ (2024) +559%

Value 12.3 M$ (2024)

Change since 2002 +559.4%

Production of ammonium sulphate (Tonnes) 29 kt (2024) —

Value 29 kt (2024)

Change since 2011 —

Agricultural use of calcium ammonium nitrate and other mixtures with calcium carbonate 12.7 kt (2016) -72%

Value 12.7 kt (2016)

Change since 2002 -72.2%

Export of calcium ammonium nitrate and other mixtures with calcium carbonate 120 t (2024) +33%

Value 120 t (2024)

Change since 2003 +33.3%

Export value of calcium ammonium nitrate and other mixtures with calcium carbonate 39.7 k$ (2024) +35%

Value 39.7 k$ (2024)

Change since 2003 +35.3%

Import of calcium ammonium nitrate and other mixtures with calcium carbonate 60 t (2023) -99%

Value 60 t (2023)

Change since 2002 -99.3%

Import value of calcium ammonium nitrate and other mixtures with calcium carbonate 31.1 k$ (2023) -99%

Value 31.1 k$ (2023)

Change since 2002 -98.6%

Production of calcium ammonium nitrate and other mixtures with calcium carbonate 29.7 kt (2024) +5203%

Value 29.7 kt (2024)

Change since 2006 +5202.6%

Amount of N added to cropland through synthetic fertilizers 204 kt N (2023) +7738%

Value 204 kt N (2023)

Change since 1961 +7738.2%

Export of fertilizers n.e.c. 0.04 t (2024) -100%

Value 0.04 t (2024)

Change since 2010 -100.0%

Export value of fertilizers n.e.c. 50 $ (2024) -100%

Value 50 $ (2024)

Change since 2010 -100.0%

Import of fertilizers n.e.c. 4.76 kt (2024) +85%

Value 4.76 kt (2024)

Change since 2002 +85.1%

Import value of fertilizers n.e.c. 3.95 M$ (2024) +255%

Value 3.95 M$ (2024)

Change since 2002 +254.9%

Production of fertilizers n.e.c. 4.76 kt (2024) -94%

Value 4.76 kt (2024)

Change since 2021 -93.8%

Agricultural use of NPK fertilizers 110 kt (2016) +338%

Value 110 kt (2016)

Change since 2002 +338.4%

Export of NPK fertilizers 1.68 kt (2024) +230%

Value 1.68 kt (2024)

Change since 2002 +230.2%

Export value of NPK fertilizers 1.68 M$ (2024) +230%

Value 1.68 M$ (2024)

Change since 2002 +230.2%

Import of NPK fertilizers 109 kt (2024) +195%

Value 109 kt (2024)

Change since 2002 +194.7%

Import value of NPK fertilizers 78.4 M$ (2024) +479%

Value 78.4 M$ (2024)

Change since 2002 +478.6%

Production of NPK fertilizers 110 kt (2024) —

Value 110 kt (2024)

Change since 2011 —

Export of other nitrogenous fertilizers 170 t (2024) +2391%

Value 170 t (2024)

Change since 2002 +2391.5%

Export value of other nitrogenous fertilizers 82.1 k$ (2024) +7502%

Value 82.1 k$ (2024)

Change since 2002 +7501.9%

Import of other nitrogenous fertilizers 36 kt (2024) +11%

Value 36 kt (2024)

Change since 2002 +11.0%

Import value of other nitrogenous fertilizers 22.8 M$ (2024) +123%

Value 22.8 M$ (2024)

Change since 2002 +123.4%

Production of other nitrogenous fertilizers 6.91 kt (2024) +413%

Value 6.91 kt (2024)

Change since 2021 +412.6%

Agriculture use of urea 108 kt (2016) +78%

Value 108 kt (2016)

Change since 2002 +78.1%

Agriculture use of urea and ammonium nitrate solutions 739 t (2010) -80%

Value 739 t (2010)

Change since 2005 -79.9%

Import value of urea and ammonium nitrate solutions 76.1 k$ (2024) -95%

Value 76.1 k$ (2024)

Change since 2005 -95.1%

Production of urea and ammonium nitrate solutions 85.7 t (2024) —

Value 85.7 t (2024)

Change since 2011 —

Import of urea and ammonium nitrate solutions 63.7 t (2024) -98%

Value 63.7 t (2024)

Change since 2005 -98.3%

Export of urea 390 t (2024) +386%

Value 390 t (2024)

Change since 2002 +385.9%

Export value of urea 245 k$ (2024) +1752%

Value 245 k$ (2024)

Change since 2002 +1752.5%

Import of urea 142 kt (2024) +152%

Value 142 kt (2024)

Change since 2002 +151.8%

Import value of urea 104 M$ (2024) +551%

Value 104 M$ (2024)

Change since 2002 +550.6%

Production of urea 150 kt (2024) —

Value 150 kt (2024)

Change since 2011 —

N lost from croplands through volatilisation 123 kt (2023) +8353%

Value 123 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +8353.2%

N added onto cropland from atmospheric deposition 22.9 kt (2023) +741%

Value 22.9 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +741.0%

N added onto cropland from atmospheric deposition, per hectare of cropland 5.45 kg/ha (2023) +172%

Value 5.45 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +172.3%

N lost from croplands through leaching 54,472 kg/ha and ton (2023) +7588%

Value 54,472 kg/ha and ton (2023)

Change since 1961 +7588.1%

N lost from croplands through leaching, per hectare of cropland 13 kg/ha (2023) +2389%

Value 13 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +2389.3%

N lost from croplands through volatilisation, per hectare of cropland (kg/ha) 29.2 kg/ha (2023) +2637%

Value 29.2 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +2637.3%

Amount of N removed from cropland through crop harvesting 204 kt (2023) +803%

Value 204 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +803.3%

Amount of N removed from cropland through crop residue 52.8 kt (2023) +713%

Value 52.8 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +713.1%

Amount of N removed from cropland through crop harvesting, per hectare of cropland 48.6 kg/ha (2023) +193%

Value 48.6 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +192.5%

Amount of N removed from cropland through crop residue, per hectare of cropland 12.6 kg/ha (2023) +163%

Value 12.6 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +163.3%

Nitrogen use efficiency 55.8 % (2014) -50%

Value 55.8 % (2014)

Change since 1961 -50.3%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) Emissions from agriculture 3.78 Mt CO₂e (2024) +1038%

Value 3.78 Mt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +1037.5%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from agriculture 5,870 Gt CO₂e (2023) +505%

Value 5,870 Gt CO₂e (2023)

Change since 1990 +505.2%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from agriculture per capita 278 t CO₂e/person (2023) +174%

Value 278 t CO₂e/person (2023)

Change since 1990 +173.7%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for dry beans 0.0605 t (2023) +517%

Value 0.0605 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +517.3%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for maize 0.53 t (2023) +257%

Value 0.53 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +256.6%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for millet 0.0084 t (2023) +500%

Value 0.0084 t (2023)

Change since 1978 +500.0%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for potatoes 0.0521 t (2023) +1112%

Value 0.0521 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +1111.6%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for rice 0.0389 t (2023) +663%

Value 0.0389 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +662.7%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for sorghum 0.0312 t (2023) +111%

Value 0.0312 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +110.8%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for soya beans 0.0951 t (2023) +510%

Value 0.0951 t (2023)

Change since 2003 +509.6%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for wheat 0.0002 t (2023) —

Value 0.0002 t (2023)

Change since 1961 —

N₂O emissions from burning crop residues, for maize 0.125 t (2023) +124%

Value 0.125 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +123.8%

N₂O emissions from burning crop residues, for sugar cane 0.0013 t (2023) —

Value 0.0013 t (2023)

Change since 1961 —

N₂O emissions from burning crop residues, for rice 0.003 t (2023) +500%

Value 0.003 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +500.0%

N₂O emissions from burning crop residues, for wheat 0 t (2023) —

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 1961 —

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for dry beans 0.0136 t (2023) +518%

Value 0.0136 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +518.2%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for maize 0.119 t (2023) +257%

Value 0.119 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +256.9%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for millet 0.0019 t (2023) +533%

Value 0.0019 t (2023)

Change since 1978 +533.3%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for potatoes 0.0117 t (2023) +1070%

Value 0.0117 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +1070.0%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for rice 0.0087 t (2023) +691%

Value 0.0087 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +690.9%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for sorghum 0.007 t (2023) +112%

Value 0.007 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +112.1%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for soya beans 0.0214 t (2023) +511%

Value 0.0214 t (2023)

Change since 2003 +511.4%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for wheat 0.0001 t (2023) —

Value 0.0001 t (2023)

Change since 1961 —

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for dry beans 74.1 t (2023) +518%

Value 74.1 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +517.5%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for maize 649 t (2023) +257%

Value 649 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +256.6%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for millet 10.3 t (2023) +506%

Value 10.3 t (2023)

Change since 1978 +505.9%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for potatoes (kt) 63.8 t (2023) +1104%

Value 63.8 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +1103.8%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for rice 47.6 t (2023) +668%

Value 47.6 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +667.7%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for sorghum 38.2 t (2023) +110%

Value 38.2 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +109.9%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for soya beans 117 t (2023) +510%

Value 117 t (2023)

Change since 2003 +510.5%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for wheat 0.3 t (2023) —

Value 0.3 t (2023)

Change since 1961 —

Amount of N added to cropland through planting seeds 6.48 kt (2023) +124%

Value 6.48 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +124.2%

N content from crop residues, for dry beans 3.85 kt (2023) +515%

Value 3.85 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +515.1%

N content from crop residues, for maize 33.7 kt (2023) +257%

Value 33.7 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +256.6%

N content from crop residues, for millet 534 t (2023) +511%

Value 534 t (2023)

Change since 1978 +510.9%

N content from crop residues, for oats 534 t (2023) +511%

Value 534 t (2023)

Change since 1978 +510.9%

N content from crop residues, for potatoes 3.32 kt (2023) +1115%

Value 3.32 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +1114.6%

N content from crop residues, for rice 2.47 kt (2023) +666%

Value 2.47 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +665.7%

N content from crop residues, for sorghum 1.98 kt (2023) +110%

Value 1.98 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +110.0%

N content from crop residues, for soya beans 6.05 kt (2023) +509%

Value 6.05 kt (2023)

Change since 2003 +508.8%

N content from crop residues, for wheat 15.6 t (2023) +627%

Value 15.6 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +626.7%

Amount of N added to cropland through planting seeds, per hectare of cropland 1.54 kg/ha (2023) -27%

Value 1.54 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 -27.4%

Total nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, excluding LULUCF 4.46 Mt CO₂e (2024) +804%

Value 4.46 Mt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +804.0%

Total nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, excluding LULUCF (% change from 1990) 357 % change (2024) +25515%

Value 357 % change (2024)

Change since 1991 +25515.3%

N₂O emissions from all sectors 5,572 Gt CO₂e (2024) +15600%

Value 5,572 Gt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1850 +15599.9%

Share of global nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions 0.19 % (2024) +669%

Value 0.19 % (2024)

Change since 1850 +668.7%

Definition (source: Our World in Data): A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024. National CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). National CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (Gütschow et al., 2024). We construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021). Warming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST). The data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).

Citation: Jones et al. (2025) – with major processing by Our World in Data. “Share of global nitrous oxide emissions” [dataset]. Jones et al., “National contributions to climate change 2025.1” [original data]. Retrieved September 21, 2026 from https://archive.ourworldindata.org/20260910-011030/grapher/share-nitrous-oxide-emissions.html (archived on September 10, 2026).

N₂O from all sectors per capita single year 0.037 Mt CO2e/ person (2009) —

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) Emissions from buildings (Energy) 96.2 kt CO₂e (2024) +101%

Value 96.2 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +100.8%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from fugitive emissions (Energy) 22.2 kt CO₂e (2024) +3600%

Value 22.2 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +3600.0%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from industrial combustion (Energy) 11.6 kt CO₂e (2024) +164%

Value 11.6 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +163.6%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from industrial processes 276 kt CO₂e (2024) +398%

Value 276 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +397.8%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from power industry (Energy) 1.3 kt CO₂e (2024) —

Value 1.3 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 —

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from transport (Energy) 19.8 kt CO₂e (2024) +9800%

Value 19.8 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +9800.0%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from waste 250 kt CO₂e (2024) +379%

Value 250 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +378.9%

Population (total) 22.2 M (2025) +512%

Value 22.2 M (2025)

Change since 1960 +512.3%

GDP (current US$) 14.9 B$ (2025) +728%

Value 14.9 B$ (2025)

Change since 1980 +728.3%

GDP per capita (current US$) 672 $ (2025) +134%

Value 672 $ (2025)

Change since 1980 +133.6%

Cropland area (% of land area) 2.12 % of land area (2023) +233%

Value 2.12 % of land area (2023)

Change since 1961 +233.3%

Number of Public Policies (All Years) single year 11 policies (2018) —

Number of Public Policies Enacted (by Year) 0 policies (2018) —

Value 0 policies (2018)

Change since 1905 —

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP) 30 % of GDP (2025) -8%

Value 30 % of GDP (2025)

Change since 1980 -8.0%

Cropland area (hectares) 4,200,000 ha (2023) +209%

Value 4,200,000 ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +208.8%

Socio-economic Information

N₂O Emissions by Sector

Indicators

Nitrogen-Related Policies & Regulations