Madagascar

Indicators

Excess nitrogen per hectare of cropland single year 4.16 kg per hectare (2009) —

Excess nitrogen from croplands single year 10.1 kt (2009) —

Share of global excess nitrogen from croplands single year 0.013 % (2009) —

Amount of N added to cropland through biological fixation 66.2 kt (2023) +152%

Value 66.2 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +152.3%

Amount of N added to cropland through biological fixation, per hectare of cropland 18.4 kg/ha (2023) +50%

Value 18.4 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +50.4%

N fertilizer consumption per capita 0.1 kg/person (2023) -9%

Value 0.1 kg/person (2023)

Change since 1961 -9.1%

Total nitrogen fertilizer production 0 t (2020) —

Value 0 t (2020)

Change since 2002 —

Definition (source: OECD): From the online data portal FAOSTAT maintained by the Statistics Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) : 'Nutrient nitrogen' is defined as total nitrogen (N) from all fertilizer products. The 'Fertilizers by Nutrient' domain contains information on agricultural use, production, and trade of chemical and mineral fertilizers, in tonnes of nutrient, for the three main plant nutrients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (expressed as P2O5) and potassium (expressed as K2O). The main data source for production and agricultural use is the FAOSTAT Fertilizers questionnaire, complemented with national publications when available. Agricultural use of fertilizers refers to the use for crops, livestock, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture, excluding use for animal feed. Industrial uses are excluded, to the extent allowed by data availability. Tonnes of nutrient nitrogen are calculated using conversion factors applied to volumes of nitrogenous fertilizers. For more information, please see: http://fenixservices.fao.org/faostat/static/documents/RFN/RFN_EN_README.pdf

Citation: OECD (2024). "Nutrient nitrogen production," Africa's Development Dynamics (AfDD): Table 23 - Ecological sustainability, OECD Data Explorer, https://data-explorer.oecd.org/vis?lc=en&tm=nitrogen&pg=0&snb=15&df[ds]=dsDisseminateFinalDMZ&df[id]=DSD_AFDD_STAT_ANNEX%40DF_TAB23&df[ag]=OECD.DEV.EMEA&df[vs]=1.0&dq=......A&pd=,&to[TIME_PERIOD]=false&vw=ov

Total nitrogen fertilizer production 0 t (2023) —

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 2002 —

Nitrogen fertilizer consumption per hectare of arable land 7.28 kg/ha (2023) +842%

Value 7.28 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +842.2%

Total nitrogen inputs to crops single year 47.6 kt (2009) —

Nitrogen inputs per hectare of cropland single year 20 kg/ha (2009) —

Nitrogen fertilizer use per hectare of cropland 4.07 kg/ha (2023) +944%

Value 4.07 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +943.6%

Total N fertilizer production 0 t (2023) —

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 2002 —

N fertilizer imports 9.75 kt (2023) +1077%

Value 9.75 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +1077.2%

N fertilizer exports 19.7 kt (2023) +1965500%

Value 19.7 kt (2023)

Change since 1990 +1965500.0%

N fertilizer use per capita 0.78 kg/ person (2023) +388%

Value 0.78 kg/ person (2023)

Change since 1961 +387.5%

Agricultural use of N fertilizer 24.4 kt (2023) +2851%

Value 24.4 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +2851.4%

N fertilizers use per area of cropland 6.71 kg/ha (2023) +1621%

Value 6.71 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +1620.5%

Amount of N added to cropland through synthetic fertilizers, per hectare of cropland 3.35 kg/ha (2023) +769%

Value 3.35 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +769.0%

Amount of N added to cropland through animal manure 49.9 kt (2023) +166%

Value 49.9 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +165.8%

Amount of N added to cropland through animal manure, per hectare of cropland 13.9 kg/ha (2023) +58%

Value 13.9 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +58.3%

N fertilizer use per value of agricultural production 5.01 g per $ (2023) +1122%

Value 5.01 g per $ (2023)

Change since 1961 +1122.0%

Agricultural use of nutrient nitrogen 19.1 t (2020) +403%

Value 19.1 t (2020)

Change since 2000 +403.4%

Definition (source: OECD): From the online data portal FAOSTAT maintained by the Statistics Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) : 'Nutrient nitrogen' is defined as total nitrogen (N) from all fertilizer products. The 'Fertilizers by Nutrient' domain contains information on agricultural use, production, and trade of chemical and mineral fertilizers, in tonnes of nutrient, for the three main plant nutrients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (expressed as P2O5) and potassium (expressed as K2O). The main data source for production and agricultural use is the FAOSTAT Fertilizers questionnaire, complemented with national publications when available. Agricultural use of fertilizers refers to the use for crops, livestock, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture, excluding use for animal feed. Industrial uses are excluded, to the extent allowed by data availability. Tonnes of nutrient nitrogen are calculated using conversion factors applied to volumes of nitrogenous fertilizers. For more information, please see: https://fenixservices.fao.org/faostat/static/documents/RFN/RFN_EN_README.pdf

Citation: OECD (2024). "Agricultural use of nutrient nitrogen," Africa's Development Dynamics (AfDD): Table 23 - Ecological sustainability, OECD Data Explorer, https://data-explorer.oecd.org/vis?lc=en&tm=nitrogen&pg=0&snb=15&df[ds]=dsDisseminateFinalDMZ&df[id]=DSD_AFDD_STAT_ANNEX%40DF_TAB23&df[ag]=OECD.DEV.EMEA&df[vs]=1.0&dq=......A&pd=,&to[TIME_PERIOD]=false&vw=ov

Export of ammonia (anhydrous) 1.72 t (2018) -15%

Value 1.72 t (2018)

Change since 2003 -15.3%

Export value of ammonia (anhydrous) 8.37 k$ (2018) +120%

Value 8.37 k$ (2018)

Change since 2003 +119.7%

Import of ammonia (anhydrous) 18 kt (2024) +2773298%

Value 18 kt (2024)

Change since 2002 +2773298.5%

Import value of ammonia (anhydrous) 8.9 M$ (2024) +375625%

Value 8.9 M$ (2024)

Change since 2002 +375624.9%

Agricultural use of ammonium nitrate 279 t (2011) +1168%

Value 279 t (2011)

Change since 2002 +1168.2%

Export of ammonium nitrate 20 t (2018) +300%

Value 20 t (2018)

Change since 2013 +300.0%

Export value of ammonium nitrate 32.5 k$ (2018) +452%

Value 32.5 k$ (2018)

Change since 2013 +451.7%

Import of ammonium nitrate 1.37 kt (2024) +6128%

Value 1.37 kt (2024)

Change since 2002 +6127.7%

Import value of ammonium nitrate 1.1 M$ (2024) +22231%

Value 1.1 M$ (2024)

Change since 2002 +22230.9%

Agricultural use of ammonium sulphate 629 t (2011) +1158%

Value 629 t (2011)

Change since 2002 +1158.0%

Export of ammonium sulphate 70 kt (2024) +777%

Value 70 kt (2024)

Change since 2012 +776.6%

Export value of ammonium sulphate 10.5 M$ (2024) +502%

Value 10.5 M$ (2024)

Change since 2012 +501.6%

Import of ammonium sulphate (Tonnes) 156 t (2024) +212%

Value 156 t (2024)

Change since 2002 +212.1%

Import value of ammonium sulphate (1000 USD) 122 k$ (2024) +1579%

Value 122 k$ (2024)

Change since 2002 +1579.2%

Agricultural use of calcium ammonium nitrate and other mixtures with calcium carbonate 20 t (2010) +0%

Value 20 t (2010)

Change since 2009 +0.0%

Import of calcium ammonium nitrate and other mixtures with calcium carbonate 638 t (2023) +3089%

Value 638 t (2023)

Change since 2009 +3089.2%

Import value of calcium ammonium nitrate and other mixtures with calcium carbonate 454 k$ (2023) +5529%

Value 454 k$ (2023)

Change since 2009 +5528.7%

Amount of N added to cropland through synthetic fertilizers 12.1 kt N (2023) +1358%

Value 12.1 kt N (2023)

Change since 1961 +1358.5%

Export of fertilizers n.e.c. 15 t (2023) +654%

Value 15 t (2023)

Change since 2010 +653.8%

Export value of fertilizers n.e.c. 5.35 k$ (2023) +586%

Value 5.35 k$ (2023)

Change since 2010 +585.9%

Import of fertilizers n.e.c. 10.5 kt (2024) +6498%

Value 10.5 kt (2024)

Change since 2002 +6498.3%

Import value of fertilizers n.e.c. 8.63 M$ (2024) +15148%

Value 8.63 M$ (2024)

Change since 2002 +15148.2%

Agricultural use of NPK fertilizers 10.1 kt (2011) +3%

Value 10.1 kt (2011)

Change since 2002 +3.3%

Export of NPK fertilizers single year 5 t (2024) —

Export value of NPK fertilizers single year 5 k$ (2024) —

Import of NPK fertilizers 23.2 kt (2024) +138%

Value 23.2 kt (2024)

Change since 2002 +138.3%

Import value of NPK fertilizers 13.5 M$ (2024) +477%

Value 13.5 M$ (2024)

Change since 2002 +476.7%

Export of other nitrogenous fertilizers 9.5 t (2022) +258%

Value 9.5 t (2022)

Change since 2002 +258.5%

Export value of other nitrogenous fertilizers 12.2 k$ (2022) +53%

Value 12.2 k$ (2022)

Change since 2002 +53.3%

Import of other nitrogenous fertilizers 214 t (2024) +67%

Value 214 t (2024)

Change since 2002 +67.3%

Import value of other nitrogenous fertilizers 144 k$ (2024) +129%

Value 144 k$ (2024)

Change since 2002 +129.4%

Agriculture use of urea 7.12 kt (2011) +191%

Value 7.12 kt (2011)

Change since 2002 +190.7%

Import value of urea and ammonium nitrate solutions 870 $ (2019) -89%

Value 870 $ (2019)

Change since 2003 -89.2%

Import of urea and ammonium nitrate solutions 1.35 t (2019) -94%

Value 1.35 t (2019)

Change since 2003 -93.6%

Export of urea 6.46 t (2006) -85%

Value 6.46 t (2006)

Change since 2002 -84.7%

Export value of urea 3.23 k$ (2006) -81%

Value 3.23 k$ (2006)

Change since 2002 -81.0%

Import of urea 10.6 kt (2024) +322%

Value 10.6 kt (2024)

Change since 2002 +322.0%

Import value of urea 6.52 M$ (2024) +991%

Value 6.52 M$ (2024)

Change since 2002 +990.9%

N lost from croplands through volatilisation 19.4 kt (2023) +229%

Value 19.4 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +229.2%

N added onto cropland from atmospheric deposition 14 kt (2023) +601%

Value 14 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +601.0%

N added onto cropland from atmospheric deposition, per hectare of cropland 3.9 kg/ha (2023) +318%

Value 3.9 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +317.7%

N lost from croplands through leaching 11,454 kg/ha and ton (2023) +198%

Value 11,454 kg/ha and ton (2023)

Change since 1961 +198.2%

N lost from croplands through leaching, per hectare of cropland 3.18 kg/ha (2023) +78%

Value 3.18 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +77.7%

N lost from croplands through volatilisation, per hectare of cropland (kg/ha) 5.38 kg/ha (2023) +96%

Value 5.38 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +96.2%

Amount of N removed from cropland through crop harvesting 110 kt (2023) +217%

Value 110 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +217.1%

Amount of N removed from cropland through crop residue 42.7 kt (2023) +452%

Value 42.7 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +451.8%

Amount of N removed from cropland through crop harvesting, per hectare of cropland 30.4 kg/ha (2023) +89%

Value 30.4 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +88.9%

Amount of N removed from cropland through crop residue, per hectare of cropland 11.9 kg/ha (2023) +229%

Value 11.9 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +228.8%

Nitrogen use efficiency 61.3 % (2014) +52%

Value 61.3 % (2014)

Change since 1961 +52.5%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) Emissions from agriculture 3.67 Mt CO₂e (2024) -4%

Value 3.67 Mt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 -3.6%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from agriculture 5,660 Gt CO₂e (2023) -13%

Value 5,660 Gt CO₂e (2023)

Change since 1990 -13.3%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from agriculture per capita 181 t CO₂e/person (2023) -67%

Value 181 t CO₂e/person (2023)

Change since 1990 -66.5%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for dry beans 0.0162 t (2023) +47%

Value 0.0162 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +47.3%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for maize 0.0412 t (2023) +118%

Value 0.0412 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +118.0%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for potatoes 0.0179 t (2023) +273%

Value 0.0179 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +272.9%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for rice 1.24 t (2023) +197%

Value 1.24 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +196.5%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for sorghum 0.0005 t (2023) -55%

Value 0.0005 t (2023)

Change since 1961 -54.5%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for soya beans 0 t (2023) —

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 1975 —

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for wheat 0.0006 t (2023) +500%

Value 0.0006 t (2023)

Change since 1976 +500.0%

N₂O emissions from burning crop residues, for maize 0.0104 t (2023) +89%

Value 0.0104 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +89.1%

N₂O emissions from burning crop residues, for sugar cane 0.0046 t (2023) +475%

Value 0.0046 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +475.0%

N₂O emissions from burning crop residues, for rice 0.0797 t (2023) +157%

Value 0.0797 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +157.1%

N₂O emissions from burning crop residues, for wheat 0 t (2023) —

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 1961 —

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for dry beans 0.0037 t (2023) +48%

Value 0.0037 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +48.0%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for maize 0.0093 t (2023) +116%

Value 0.0093 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +116.3%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for potatoes 0.004 t (2023) +264%

Value 0.004 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +263.6%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for rice 0.28 t (2023) +197%

Value 0.28 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +196.6%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for sorghum 0.0001 t (2023) -67%

Value 0.0001 t (2023)

Change since 1961 -66.7%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for soya beans 0 t (2023) —

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 1975 —

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for wheat 0.0001 t (2023) —

Value 0.0001 t (2023)

Change since 1976 —

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for dry beans 19.9 t (2023) +47%

Value 19.9 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +47.4%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for maize 50.5 t (2023) +118%

Value 50.5 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +117.7%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for potatoes (kt) 21.9 t (2023) +271%

Value 21.9 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +271.2%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for rice 1.52 kt (2023) +197%

Value 1.52 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +196.5%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for sorghum 0.7 t (2023) -50%

Value 0.7 t (2023)

Change since 1961 -50.0%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for soya beans 0 t (2023) —

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 1975 —

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for wheat 0.7 t (2023) +600%

Value 0.7 t (2023)

Change since 1976 +600.0%

Amount of N added to cropland through planting seeds 4.38 kt (2023) +46%

Value 4.38 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +46.3%

N content from crop residues, for dry beans 1.03 kt (2023) +47%

Value 1.03 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +47.5%

N content from crop residues, for maize 2.62 kt (2023) +118%

Value 2.62 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +117.7%

N content from crop residues, for potatoes 1.14 kt (2023) +272%

Value 1.14 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +271.5%

N content from crop residues, for rice 79.2 kt (2023) +197%

Value 79.2 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +196.5%

N content from crop residues, for sorghum 34.9 t (2023) -52%

Value 34.9 t (2023)

Change since 1961 -51.7%

N content from crop residues, for soya beans 1.33 t (2023) +436%

Value 1.33 t (2023)

Change since 1975 +435.6%

N content from crop residues, for wheat 37.9 t (2023) +920%

Value 37.9 t (2023)

Change since 1976 +919.7%

Amount of N added to cropland through planting seeds, per hectare of cropland 1.22 kg/ha (2023) -13%

Value 1.22 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 -12.8%

Total nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, excluding LULUCF 4.72 Mt CO₂e (2024) +19%

Value 4.72 Mt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +18.7%

Total nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, excluding LULUCF (% change from 1990) -4.25 % change (2024) -491%

Value -4.25 % change (2024)

Change since 1991 -490.7%

N₂O emissions from all sectors 7,033 Gt CO₂e (2024) +1945%

Value 7,033 Gt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1850 +1945.2%

Share of global nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions 0.24 % (2024) +0%

Value 0.24 % (2024)

Change since 1850 +0.1%

Definition (source: Our World in Data): A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024. National CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). National CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (Gütschow et al., 2024). We construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021). Warming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST). The data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).

Citation: Jones et al. (2025) – with major processing by Our World in Data. “Share of global nitrous oxide emissions” [dataset]. Jones et al., “National contributions to climate change 2025.1” [original data]. Retrieved September 21, 2026 from https://archive.ourworldindata.org/20260910-011030/grapher/share-nitrous-oxide-emissions.html (archived on September 10, 2026).

N₂O from all sectors per capita single year 0.013 Mt CO2e/ person (2009) —

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) Emissions from buildings (Energy) 206 kt CO₂e (2024) +360%

Value 206 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +359.7%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from fugitive emissions (Energy) 36.7 kt CO₂e (2024) —

Value 36.7 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 —

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from industrial combustion (Energy) 18.8 kt CO₂e (2024) +337%

Value 18.8 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +337.2%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from industrial processes 446 kt CO₂e (2024) +1070%

Value 446 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +1069.8%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from power industry (Energy) 120 kt CO₂e (2024) +29800%

Value 120 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +29800.0%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from transport (Energy) 18.7 kt CO₂e (2024) +392%

Value 18.7 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +392.1%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from waste 200 kt CO₂e (2024) +181%

Value 200 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +181.0%

Population (total) 32.7 M (2025) +541%

Value 32.7 M (2025)

Change since 1960 +540.6%

GDP (current US$) 19.6 B$ (2025) +2815%

Value 19.6 B$ (2025)

Change since 1960 +2815.0%

GDP per capita (current US$) 599 $ (2025) +355%

Value 599 $ (2025)

Change since 1960 +355.1%

Cropland area (% of land area) 1.03 % of land area (2023) +173%

Value 1.03 % of land area (2023)

Change since 1961 +172.6%

Number of Public Policies (All Years) single year 10 policies (2018) —

Number of Public Policies Enacted (by Year) 0 policies (2018) —

Value 0 policies (2018)

Change since 1905 —

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP) 21.7 % of GDP (2025) -4%

Value 21.7 % of GDP (2025)

Change since 1966 -4.3%

Cropland area (hectares) 3,600,000 ha (2023) +68%

Value 3,600,000 ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +67.8%

Socio-economic Information

N₂O Emissions by Sector

Indicators

Nitrogen-Related Policies & Regulations