Indonesia

Indicators

Excess nitrogen per hectare of cropland single year 32.7 kg per hectare (2009) —

Excess nitrogen from croplands single year 1.03 Mt (2009) —

Share of global excess nitrogen from croplands single year 1.37 % (2009) —

Amount of N added to cropland through biological fixation 345 kt (2023) +24%

Value 345 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +24.0%

Amount of N added to cropland through biological fixation, per hectare of cropland 7.82 kg/ha (2023) -47%

Value 7.82 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 -46.7%

N balance in agroecosystems -4.25 Mt (2020) -466%

Value -4.25 Mt (2020)

Change since 1985 -466.4%

Which countries overapplied nitrogen without gains in crop yields? single year 0.903 % (2020) —

N fertilizer consumption per capita 6.99 kg/person (2023) +17375%

Value 6.99 kg/person (2023)

Change since 1961 +17375.0%

Nitrogen applied from inorganic fertilizers 3.54 Mt (2020) +173%

Value 3.54 Mt (2020)

Change since 1985 +172.9%

Nitrogen produced from cattle manure 725 kt (2020) +87%

Value 725 kt (2020)

Change since 1985 +87.5%

Nitrogen produced from pig manure 117 kt (2020) +63%

Value 117 kt (2020)

Change since 1985 +63.1%

Total nitrogen fertilizer production 4.29 kt (2020) +50%

Value 4.29 kt (2020)

Change since 2000 +50.5%

Definition (source: OECD): From the online data portal FAOSTAT maintained by the Statistics Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) : 'Nutrient nitrogen' is defined as total nitrogen (N) from all fertilizer products. The 'Fertilizers by Nutrient' domain contains information on agricultural use, production, and trade of chemical and mineral fertilizers, in tonnes of nutrient, for the three main plant nutrients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (expressed as P2O5) and potassium (expressed as K2O). The main data source for production and agricultural use is the FAOSTAT Fertilizers questionnaire, complemented with national publications when available. Agricultural use of fertilizers refers to the use for crops, livestock, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture, excluding use for animal feed. Industrial uses are excluded, to the extent allowed by data availability. Tonnes of nutrient nitrogen are calculated using conversion factors applied to volumes of nitrogenous fertilizers. For more information, please see: http://fenixservices.fao.org/faostat/static/documents/RFN/RFN_EN_README.pdf

Citation: OECD (2024). "Nutrient nitrogen production," Africa's Development Dynamics (AfDD): Table 23 - Ecological sustainability, OECD Data Explorer, https://data-explorer.oecd.org/vis?lc=en&tm=nitrogen&pg=0&snb=15&df[ds]=dsDisseminateFinalDMZ&df[id]=DSD_AFDD_STAT_ANNEX%40DF_TAB23&df[ag]=OECD.DEV.EMEA&df[vs]=1.0&dq=......A&pd=,&to[TIME_PERIOD]=false&vw=ov

Total nitrogen fertilizer production 0 t (2023) —

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 2002 —

Nitrogen fertilizer consumption per hectare of arable land 311 kg/ha (2023) +3236%

Value 311 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +3235.7%

Total nitrogen inputs to crops single year 2.82 Mt (2009) —

Nitrogen inputs per hectare of cropland single year 89.5 kg/ha (2009) —

Nitrogen fertilizer use per hectare of cropland 67.7 kg/ha (2023) +1413%

Value 67.7 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +1413.4%

Total N fertilizer production 3.96 Mt (2023) +26325%

Value 3.96 Mt (2023)

Change since 1963 +26324.6%

N fertilizer imports 358 kt (2023) +322%

Value 358 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +322.2%

N fertilizer exports 714 kt (2023) +288%

Value 714 kt (2023)

Change since 1977 +288.0%

N fertilizer use per capita 10.6 kg/ person (2023) +1042%

Value 10.6 kg/ person (2023)

Change since 1961 +1041.9%

Agricultural use of N fertilizer 2.98 Mt (2023) +3422%

Value 2.98 Mt (2023)

Change since 1961 +3422.0%

N fertilizers use per area of cropland 68.3 kg/ha (2023) +1428%

Value 68.3 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +1428.0%

Amount of N added to cropland through synthetic fertilizers, per hectare of cropland 72.5 kg/ha (2023) +1523%

Value 72.5 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +1522.8%

Amount of N added to cropland through animal manure 1.11 Mt (2023) +637%

Value 1.11 Mt (2023)

Change since 1961 +636.7%

Amount of N added to cropland through animal manure, per hectare of cropland 25.1 kg/ha (2023) +217%

Value 25.1 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +216.8%

N fertilizer use per value of agricultural production 29.2 g per $ (2023) +396%

Value 29.2 g per $ (2023)

Change since 1961 +395.9%

Agricultural use of nutrient nitrogen 3.54 kt (2020) +80%

Value 3.54 kt (2020)

Change since 2000 +80.3%

Definition (source: OECD): From the online data portal FAOSTAT maintained by the Statistics Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) : 'Nutrient nitrogen' is defined as total nitrogen (N) from all fertilizer products. The 'Fertilizers by Nutrient' domain contains information on agricultural use, production, and trade of chemical and mineral fertilizers, in tonnes of nutrient, for the three main plant nutrients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (expressed as P2O5) and potassium (expressed as K2O). The main data source for production and agricultural use is the FAOSTAT Fertilizers questionnaire, complemented with national publications when available. Agricultural use of fertilizers refers to the use for crops, livestock, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture, excluding use for animal feed. Industrial uses are excluded, to the extent allowed by data availability. Tonnes of nutrient nitrogen are calculated using conversion factors applied to volumes of nitrogenous fertilizers. For more information, please see: https://fenixservices.fao.org/faostat/static/documents/RFN/RFN_EN_README.pdf

Citation: OECD (2024). "Agricultural use of nutrient nitrogen," Africa's Development Dynamics (AfDD): Table 23 - Ecological sustainability, OECD Data Explorer, https://data-explorer.oecd.org/vis?lc=en&tm=nitrogen&pg=0&snb=15&df[ds]=dsDisseminateFinalDMZ&df[id]=DSD_AFDD_STAT_ANNEX%40DF_TAB23&df[ag]=OECD.DEV.EMEA&df[vs]=1.0&dq=......A&pd=,&to[TIME_PERIOD]=false&vw=ov

Export of ammonia (anhydrous) 1.71 Mt (2024) +61%

Value 1.71 Mt (2024)

Change since 2002 +61.2%

Export value of ammonia (anhydrous) 608 M$ (2024) +410%

Value 608 M$ (2024)

Change since 2002 +410.3%

Import of ammonia (anhydrous) 53.1 kt (2024) +26102%

Value 53.1 kt (2024)

Change since 2002 +26101.7%

Import value of ammonia (anhydrous) 21.3 M$ (2024) +32880%

Value 21.3 M$ (2024)

Change since 2002 +32879.6%

Agricultural use of ammonium nitrate 134 kt (2004) +7%

Value 134 kt (2004)

Change since 2003 +6.9%

Export of ammonium nitrate 49.9 kt (2024) +1566%

Value 49.9 kt (2024)

Change since 2002 +1566.1%

Export value of ammonium nitrate 29.4 M$ (2024) +5127%

Value 29.4 M$ (2024)

Change since 2002 +5127.2%

Import of ammonium nitrate 44.9 kt (2024) -72%

Value 44.9 kt (2024)

Change since 2002 -71.6%

Import value of ammonium nitrate 25.8 M$ (2024) -35%

Value 25.8 M$ (2024)

Change since 2002 -35.4%

Agricultural use of ammonium sulphate 309 kt (2022) -42%

Value 309 kt (2022)

Change since 2002 -41.6%

Export of ammonium sulphate 40.7 kt (2024) +406990100%

Value 40.7 kt (2024)

Change since 2003 +406990100.0%

Export value of ammonium sulphate 4.34 M$ (2024) +2710912%

Value 4.34 M$ (2024)

Change since 2003 +2710912.5%

Import of ammonium sulphate (Tonnes) 1.1 Mt (2024) +344%

Value 1.1 Mt (2024)

Change since 2002 +343.8%

Import value of ammonium sulphate (1000 USD) 171 M$ (2024) +667%

Value 171 M$ (2024)

Change since 2002 +667.1%

Production of ammonium sulphate (Tonnes) 71.8 kt (2022) -83%

Value 71.8 kt (2022)

Change since 2002 -82.9%

Agricultural use of calcium ammonium nitrate and other mixtures with calcium carbonate single year 960 t (2004) —

Export of calcium ammonium nitrate and other mixtures with calcium carbonate 0.03 t (2024) -100%

Value 0.03 t (2024)

Change since 2003 -100.0%

Export value of calcium ammonium nitrate and other mixtures with calcium carbonate 0 $ (2024) -100%

Value 0 $ (2024)

Change since 2003 -100.0%

Import of calcium ammonium nitrate and other mixtures with calcium carbonate 9.43 kt (2024) +703%

Value 9.43 kt (2024)

Change since 2003 +702.6%

Import value of calcium ammonium nitrate and other mixtures with calcium carbonate 3.32 M$ (2024) +1708%

Value 3.32 M$ (2024)

Change since 2003 +1708.4%

Amount of N added to cropland through synthetic fertilizers 3.2 Mt N (2023) +3674%

Value 3.2 Mt N (2023)

Change since 1961 +3673.7%

Export of fertilizers n.e.c. 8.12 kt (2024) -70%

Value 8.12 kt (2024)

Change since 2002 -70.4%

Export value of fertilizers n.e.c. 3.2 M$ (2024) -27%

Value 3.2 M$ (2024)

Change since 2002 -27.3%

Import of fertilizers n.e.c. 47.8 kt (2024) -87%

Value 47.8 kt (2024)

Change since 2002 -87.4%

Import value of fertilizers n.e.c. 22.1 M$ (2024) -56%

Value 22.1 M$ (2024)

Change since 2002 -55.7%

Agricultural use of NPK fertilizers 3.26 Mt (2022) +3604%

Value 3.26 Mt (2022)

Change since 2002 +3604.1%

Export of NPK fertilizers 3.61 kt (2024) -78%

Value 3.61 kt (2024)

Change since 2002 -77.8%

Export value of NPK fertilizers 3.61 M$ (2024) -78%

Value 3.61 M$ (2024)

Change since 2002 -77.8%

Import of NPK fertilizers 371 kt (2024) +85%

Value 371 kt (2024)

Change since 2002 +84.7%

Import value of NPK fertilizers 196 M$ (2024) +495%

Value 196 M$ (2024)

Change since 2002 +495.5%

Production of NPK fertilizers 3.42 Mt (2022) +5131%

Value 3.42 Mt (2022)

Change since 2002 +5131.0%

Export of other nitrogenous fertilizers 489 t (2024) +88%

Value 489 t (2024)

Change since 2002 +88.3%

Export value of other nitrogenous fertilizers 398 k$ (2024) +733%

Value 398 k$ (2024)

Change since 2002 +733.0%

Import of other nitrogenous fertilizers 335 kt (2024) +1106%

Value 335 kt (2024)

Change since 2002 +1106.0%

Import value of other nitrogenous fertilizers 45.6 M$ (2024) +884%

Value 45.6 M$ (2024)

Change since 2002 +883.5%

Agriculture use of urea 5.29 Mt (2022) +31%

Value 5.29 Mt (2022)

Change since 2002 +31.4%

Export of urea and ammonium nitrate solutions 0.01 t (2024) +0%

Value 0.01 t (2024)

Change since 2006 +0.0%

Export value of urea and ammonium nitrate solutions 270 $ (2024) +69%

Value 270 $ (2024)

Change since 2006 +68.8%

Import value of urea and ammonium nitrate solutions 170 $ (2024) -67%

Value 170 $ (2024)

Change since 2003 -67.3%

Import of urea and ammonium nitrate solutions 0.03 t (2024) -75%

Value 0.03 t (2024)

Change since 2003 -75.0%

Export of urea 1.48 Mt (2024) +34%

Value 1.48 Mt (2024)

Change since 2002 +34.3%

Export value of urea 489 M$ (2024) +294%

Value 489 M$ (2024)

Change since 2002 +293.9%

Import of urea 1.7 kt (2024) -86%

Value 1.7 kt (2024)

Change since 2002 -85.9%

Import value of urea 1.08 M$ (2024) -16%

Value 1.08 M$ (2024)

Change since 2002 -16.3%

Production of urea 7.47 Mt (2022) +24%

Value 7.47 Mt (2022)

Change since 2002 +24.3%

N lost from croplands through volatilisation 1.23 Mt (2023) +1640%

Value 1.23 Mt (2023)

Change since 1961 +1640.3%

N added onto cropland from atmospheric deposition 248 kt (2023) +552%

Value 248 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +552.4%

N added onto cropland from atmospheric deposition, per hectare of cropland 5.62 kg/ha (2023) +181%

Value 5.62 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +180.6%

N lost from croplands through leaching 520,187 kg/ha and ton (2023) +1249%

Value 520,187 kg/ha and ton (2023)

Change since 1961 +1248.7%

N lost from croplands through leaching, per hectare of cropland 11.8 kg/ha (2023) +480%

Value 11.8 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +480.0%

N lost from croplands through volatilisation, per hectare of cropland (kg/ha) 27.8 kg/ha (2023) +648%

Value 27.8 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +648.3%

Amount of N removed from cropland through crop harvesting 2.64 Mt (2023) +497%

Value 2.64 Mt (2023)

Change since 1961 +496.6%

Amount of N removed from cropland through crop residue 401 kt (2023) +1602%

Value 401 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +1602.5%

Amount of N removed from cropland through crop harvesting, per hectare of cropland 59.9 kg/ha (2023) +157%

Value 59.9 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +156.5%

Amount of N removed from cropland through crop residue, per hectare of cropland 9.09 kg/ha (2023) +632%

Value 9.09 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +632.1%

Nitrogen use efficiency 80.4 % (2014) +67%

Value 80.4 % (2014)

Change since 1961 +66.8%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) Emissions from agriculture 49.6 Mt CO₂e (2024) +200%

Value 49.6 Mt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +199.7%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from agriculture 56,240 Gt CO₂e (2023) +82%

Value 56,240 Gt CO₂e (2023)

Change since 1990 +82.5%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from agriculture per capita 200 t CO₂e/person (2023) +19%

Value 200 t CO₂e/person (2023)

Change since 1990 +19.1%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for dry beans 0.0324 t (2023) -42%

Value 0.0324 t (2023)

Change since 1961 -41.8%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for maize 2.5 t (2023) +481%

Value 2.5 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +481.1%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for potatoes 0.041 t (2023) +853%

Value 0.041 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +853.5%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for rice 9.64 t (2023) +173%

Value 9.64 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +173.0%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for soya beans 0.0853 t (2023) -51%

Value 0.0853 t (2023)

Change since 1961 -51.1%

N₂O emissions from burning crop residues, for maize 0.173 t (2023) +1%

Value 0.173 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +0.6%

N₂O emissions from burning crop residues, for sugar cane 0.023 t (2023) +539%

Value 0.023 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +538.9%

N₂O emissions from burning crop residues, for rice 0.393 t (2023) +49%

Value 0.393 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +48.9%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for dry beans 0.0073 t (2023) -42%

Value 0.0073 t (2023)

Change since 1961 -41.6%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for maize 0.563 t (2023) +481%

Value 0.563 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +480.8%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for potatoes 0.0092 t (2023) +820%

Value 0.0092 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +820.0%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for rice 2.17 t (2023) +173%

Value 2.17 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +173.0%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for soya beans 0.0192 t (2023) -51%

Value 0.0192 t (2023)

Change since 1961 -51.0%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for dry beans 39.7 t (2023) -42%

Value 39.7 t (2023)

Change since 1961 -41.9%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for maize 3.07 kt (2023) +481%

Value 3.07 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +481.1%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for potatoes (kt) 50.3 t (2023) +849%

Value 50.3 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +849.1%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for rice 11.8 kt (2023) +173%

Value 11.8 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +173.0%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for soya beans 104 t (2023) -51%

Value 104 t (2023)

Change since 1961 -51.1%

Amount of N added to cropland through planting seeds 26.9 kt (2023) +50%

Value 26.9 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +49.8%

N content from crop residues, for dry beans 2.06 kt (2023) -42%

Value 2.06 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 -41.8%

N content from crop residues, for maize 159 kt (2023) +481%

Value 159 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +481.1%

N content from crop residues, for potatoes 2.61 kt (2023) +856%

Value 2.61 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +856.0%

N content from crop residues, for rice 613 kt (2023) +173%

Value 613 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +173.0%

N content from crop residues, for soya beans 5.43 kt (2023) -51%

Value 5.43 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 -51.1%

Amount of N added to cropland through planting seeds, per hectare of cropland 0.609 kg/ha (2023) -36%

Value 0.609 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 -35.6%

Total nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, excluding LULUCF 64.1 Mt CO₂e (2024) +238%

Value 64.1 Mt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +237.5%

Total nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, excluding LULUCF (% change from 1990) 88.1 % change (2024) +4618%

Value 88.1 % change (2024)

Change since 1991 +4618.3%

Total nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, excluding LULUCF 57.1 Gt CO₂e (2022) +39%

Value 57.1 Gt CO₂e (2022)

Change since 2000 +38.6%

N₂O emissions from all sectors 70,983 Gt CO₂e (2024) +8175%

Value 70,983 Gt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1850 +8174.7%

Share of global nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions 2.42 % (2024) +305%

Value 2.42 % (2024)

Change since 1850 +305.2%

Definition (source: Our World in Data): A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024. National CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). National CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (Gütschow et al., 2024). We construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021). Warming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST). The data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).

Citation: Jones et al. (2025) – with major processing by Our World in Data. “Share of global nitrous oxide emissions” [dataset]. Jones et al., “National contributions to climate change 2025.1” [original data]. Retrieved September 21, 2026 from https://archive.ourworldindata.org/20260910-011030/grapher/share-nitrous-oxide-emissions.html (archived on September 10, 2026).

N₂O from all sectors per capita single year 1.37 Mt CO2e/ person (2009) —

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) Emissions from buildings (Energy) 383 kt CO₂e (2024) -47%

Value 383 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 -46.9%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from fugitive emissions (Energy) 55.7 kt CO₂e (2024) -4%

Value 55.7 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 -4.0%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from industrial combustion (Energy) 1.01 Mt CO₂e (2024) +2185%

Value 1.01 Mt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +2185.3%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from industrial processes 5.08 Mt CO₂e (2024) +470%

Value 5.08 Mt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +470.3%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from power industry (Energy) 2.52 Mt CO₂e (2024) +47394%

Value 2.52 Mt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +47394.3%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from transport (Energy) 1.76 Mt CO₂e (2024) +1811%

Value 1.76 Mt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +1810.6%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from waste 3.79 Mt CO₂e (2024) +474%

Value 3.79 Mt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +474.3%

Population (total) 286 M (2025) +224%

Value 286 M (2025)

Change since 1960 +223.6%

GDP (current US$) 1.45 T$ (2025) +25406%

Value 1.45 T$ (2025)

Change since 1967 +25406.4%

GDP per capita (current US$) 5.06 k$ (2025) +9410%

Value 5.06 k$ (2025)

Change since 1967 +9409.6%

Cropland area (% of land area) 13.9 % of land area (2023) +474%

Value 13.9 % of land area (2023)

Change since 1961 +474.2%

Number of Public Policies (All Years) single year 25 policies (2018) —

Number of Public Policies Enacted (by Year) 0 policies (2018) —

Value 0 policies (2018)

Change since 1905 —

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP) 13.1 % of GDP (2025) -46%

Value 13.1 % of GDP (2025)

Change since 1983 -45.7%

Cropland area (hectares) 44,122,204 ha (2023) +133%

Value 44,122,204 ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +132.5%

Socio-economic Information

N₂O Emissions by Sector

Indicators

Nitrogen-Related Policies & Regulations