Botswana

Indicators

Excess nitrogen per hectare of cropland single year 18.3 kg per hectare (2009) —

Excess nitrogen from croplands single year 3.03 kt (2009) —

Share of global excess nitrogen from croplands single year 0.004 % (2009) —

Amount of N added to cropland through biological fixation 939 t (2023) -46%

Value 939 t (2023)

Change since 1961 -46.0%

Amount of N added to cropland through biological fixation, per hectare of cropland 3.58 kg/ha (2023) -17%

Value 3.58 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 -17.5%

Which countries overapplied nitrogen without gains in crop yields? single year 5.17 % (2020) —

N fertilizer consumption per capita 1.31 kg/person (2023) +228%

Value 1.31 kg/person (2023)

Change since 1982 +227.5%

Total nitrogen fertilizer production 0 t (2020) —

Value 0 t (2020)

Change since 2009 —

Definition (source: OECD): From the online data portal FAOSTAT maintained by the Statistics Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) : 'Nutrient nitrogen' is defined as total nitrogen (N) from all fertilizer products. The 'Fertilizers by Nutrient' domain contains information on agricultural use, production, and trade of chemical and mineral fertilizers, in tonnes of nutrient, for the three main plant nutrients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (expressed as P2O5) and potassium (expressed as K2O). The main data source for production and agricultural use is the FAOSTAT Fertilizers questionnaire, complemented with national publications when available. Agricultural use of fertilizers refers to the use for crops, livestock, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture, excluding use for animal feed. Industrial uses are excluded, to the extent allowed by data availability. Tonnes of nutrient nitrogen are calculated using conversion factors applied to volumes of nitrogenous fertilizers. For more information, please see: http://fenixservices.fao.org/faostat/static/documents/RFN/RFN_EN_README.pdf

Citation: OECD (2024). "Nutrient nitrogen production," Africa's Development Dynamics (AfDD): Table 23 - Ecological sustainability, OECD Data Explorer, https://data-explorer.oecd.org/vis?lc=en&tm=nitrogen&pg=0&snb=15&df[ds]=dsDisseminateFinalDMZ&df[id]=DSD_AFDD_STAT_ANNEX%40DF_TAB23&df[ag]=OECD.DEV.EMEA&df[vs]=1.0&dq=......A&pd=,&to[TIME_PERIOD]=false&vw=ov

Total nitrogen fertilizer production 0 t (2023) —

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 2009 —

Nitrogen fertilizer consumption per hectare of arable land 93.1 kg/ha (2023) +3246%

Value 93.1 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +3245.7%

Total nitrogen inputs to crops single year 3.3 kt (2009) —

Nitrogen inputs per hectare of cropland single year 19.9 kg/ha (2009) —

Nitrogen fertilizer use per hectare of cropland 67 kg/ha (2023) +2579%

Value 67 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +2578.8%

Total N fertilizer production 0 t (2023) —

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 2009 —

N fertilizer imports 17.7 kt (2023) +1670%

Value 17.7 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +1670.5%

N fertilizer exports 157 t (2023) +947%

Value 157 t (2023)

Change since 1990 +946.7%

N fertilizer use per capita 7.07 kg/ person (2023) +274%

Value 7.07 kg/ person (2023)

Change since 1961 +274.1%

Agricultural use of N fertilizer 17.5 kt (2023) +1655%

Value 17.5 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +1654.7%

N fertilizers use per area of cropland 67 kg/ha (2023) +2579%

Value 67 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +2578.8%

Amount of N added to cropland through synthetic fertilizers, per hectare of cropland 67 kg/ha (2023) +2579%

Value 67 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +2578.9%

Amount of N added to cropland through animal manure 1.3 kt (2023) -34%

Value 1.3 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 -34.4%

Amount of N added to cropland through animal manure, per hectare of cropland 4.97 kg/ha (2023) +0%

Value 4.97 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +0.1%

N fertilizer use per value of agricultural production 34.8 g per $ (2023) +439%

Value 34.8 g per $ (2023)

Change since 1961 +439.4%

Agricultural use of nutrient nitrogen 10 t (2020) +144%

Value 10 t (2020)

Change since 2000 +143.8%

Definition (source: OECD): From the online data portal FAOSTAT maintained by the Statistics Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) : 'Nutrient nitrogen' is defined as total nitrogen (N) from all fertilizer products. The 'Fertilizers by Nutrient' domain contains information on agricultural use, production, and trade of chemical and mineral fertilizers, in tonnes of nutrient, for the three main plant nutrients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (expressed as P2O5) and potassium (expressed as K2O). The main data source for production and agricultural use is the FAOSTAT Fertilizers questionnaire, complemented with national publications when available. Agricultural use of fertilizers refers to the use for crops, livestock, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture, excluding use for animal feed. Industrial uses are excluded, to the extent allowed by data availability. Tonnes of nutrient nitrogen are calculated using conversion factors applied to volumes of nitrogenous fertilizers. For more information, please see: https://fenixservices.fao.org/faostat/static/documents/RFN/RFN_EN_README.pdf

Citation: OECD (2024). "Agricultural use of nutrient nitrogen," Africa's Development Dynamics (AfDD): Table 23 - Ecological sustainability, OECD Data Explorer, https://data-explorer.oecd.org/vis?lc=en&tm=nitrogen&pg=0&snb=15&df[ds]=dsDisseminateFinalDMZ&df[id]=DSD_AFDD_STAT_ANNEX%40DF_TAB23&df[ag]=OECD.DEV.EMEA&df[vs]=1.0&dq=......A&pd=,&to[TIME_PERIOD]=false&vw=ov

Export of ammonia (anhydrous) 0 t (2020) -100%

Value 0 t (2020)

Change since 2002 -100.0%

Export value of ammonia (anhydrous) 290 $ (2020) +107%

Value 290 $ (2020)

Change since 2002 +107.1%

Import of ammonia (anhydrous) 33.8 t (2023) +179%

Value 33.8 t (2023)

Change since 2002 +178.6%

Import value of ammonia (anhydrous) 6.88 k$ (2023) -64%

Value 6.88 k$ (2023)

Change since 2002 -63.9%

Production of ammonia (anhydrous) 0 t (2019) —

Value 0 t (2019)

Change since 2016 —

Agricultural use of ammonium nitrate 60.2 kt (2014) +7%

Value 60.2 kt (2014)

Change since 2010 +6.9%

Export of ammonium nitrate single year 34 t (2022) —

Export value of ammonium nitrate single year 25.4 k$ (2022) —

Import of ammonium nitrate 34.2 kt (2023) +845%

Value 34.2 kt (2023)

Change since 2002 +845.0%

Import value of ammonium nitrate 17.3 M$ (2023) +1557%

Value 17.3 M$ (2023)

Change since 2002 +1556.9%

Production of ammonium nitrate 0 t (2019) —

Value 0 t (2019)

Change since 2011 —

Agricultural use of ammonium sulphate 292 t (2014) +58%

Value 292 t (2014)

Change since 2010 +57.8%

Export of ammonium sulphate 235 t (2020) +2349900%

Value 235 t (2020)

Change since 2002 +2349900.0%

Export value of ammonium sulphate 73.2 k$ (2020) +183000%

Value 73.2 k$ (2020)

Change since 2002 +183000.0%

Import of ammonium sulphate (Tonnes) 319 t (2023) +471%

Value 319 t (2023)

Change since 2002 +471.2%

Import value of ammonium sulphate (1000 USD) 122 k$ (2023) +486%

Value 122 k$ (2023)

Change since 2002 +485.8%

Production of ammonium sulphate (Tonnes) 0 t (2019) —

Value 0 t (2019)

Change since 2011 —

Agricultural use of calcium ammonium nitrate and other mixtures with calcium carbonate 60 t (2014) -93%

Value 60 t (2014)

Change since 2010 -92.7%

Export of calcium ammonium nitrate and other mixtures with calcium carbonate 34 t (2023) -35%

Value 34 t (2023)

Change since 2009 -34.6%

Export value of calcium ammonium nitrate and other mixtures with calcium carbonate 11.7 k$ (2023) +340%

Value 11.7 k$ (2023)

Change since 2009 +339.7%

Import of calcium ammonium nitrate and other mixtures with calcium carbonate 20 t (2023) -45%

Value 20 t (2023)

Change since 2002 -44.8%

Import value of calcium ammonium nitrate and other mixtures with calcium carbonate 18.6 k$ (2023) -29%

Value 18.6 k$ (2023)

Change since 2002 -28.7%

Production of calcium ammonium nitrate and other mixtures with calcium carbonate 0 t (2019) —

Value 0 t (2019)

Change since 2011 —

Amount of N added to cropland through synthetic fertilizers 17.5 kt N (2023) +1655%

Value 17.5 kt N (2023)

Change since 1961 +1654.7%

Export of fertilizers n.e.c. 231 t (2023) +8427%

Value 231 t (2023)

Change since 2002 +8426.9%

Export value of fertilizers n.e.c. 90.8 k$ (2023) +1738%

Value 90.8 k$ (2023)

Change since 2002 +1738.1%

Import of fertilizers n.e.c. 8.4 kt (2023) +220%

Value 8.4 kt (2023)

Change since 2002 +220.3%

Import value of fertilizers n.e.c. 5.65 M$ (2023) +619%

Value 5.65 M$ (2023)

Change since 2002 +618.9%

Production of fertilizers n.e.c. 0 t (2019) —

Value 0 t (2019)

Change since 2016 —

Agricultural use of NPK fertilizers 4.57 kt (2014) -9%

Value 4.57 kt (2014)

Change since 2010 -9.2%

Export of NPK fertilizers 211 t (2023) +193%

Value 211 t (2023)

Change since 2008 +193.1%

Export value of NPK fertilizers 211 k$ (2023) +193%

Value 211 k$ (2023)

Change since 2008 +193.1%

Import of NPK fertilizers 19.9 kt (2023) +2103%

Value 19.9 kt (2023)

Change since 2002 +2102.9%

Import value of NPK fertilizers 19.5 M$ (2023) +3718%

Value 19.5 M$ (2023)

Change since 2002 +3718.5%

Production of NPK fertilizers 0 t (2019) —

Value 0 t (2019)

Change since 2011 —

Export of other nitrogenous fertilizers 509 t (2023) +31332%

Value 509 t (2023)

Change since 2002 +31332.1%

Export value of other nitrogenous fertilizers 314 k$ (2023) +11486%

Value 314 k$ (2023)

Change since 2002 +11486.3%

Import of other nitrogenous fertilizers 12.3 kt (2023) +671%

Value 12.3 kt (2023)

Change since 2002 +670.7%

Import value of other nitrogenous fertilizers 7.8 M$ (2023) +1061%

Value 7.8 M$ (2023)

Change since 2002 +1061.2%

Production of other nitrogenous fertilizers 0 t (2019) —

Value 0 t (2019)

Change since 2016 —

Agriculture use of urea 414 t (2014) -37%

Value 414 t (2014)

Change since 2010 -37.1%

Agriculture use of urea and ammonium nitrate solutions 26 t (2014) -77%

Value 26 t (2014)

Change since 2011 -76.8%

Export of urea and ammonium nitrate solutions 54 t (2008) +1250%

Value 54 t (2008)

Change since 2006 +1250.0%

Export value of urea and ammonium nitrate solutions 13.2 k$ (2008) +674%

Value 13.2 k$ (2008)

Change since 2006 +673.5%

Import value of urea and ammonium nitrate solutions 840 $ (2023) -100%

Value 840 $ (2023)

Change since 2002 -100.0%

Production of urea and ammonium nitrate solutions 0 t (2019) —

Value 0 t (2019)

Change since 2011 —

Import of urea and ammonium nitrate solutions 0.17 t (2023) -100%

Value 0.17 t (2023)

Change since 2002 -100.0%

Export of urea 34 t (2023) +750%

Value 34 t (2023)

Change since 2011 +750.0%

Export value of urea 13.8 k$ (2023) -32%

Value 13.8 k$ (2023)

Change since 2011 -31.5%

Import of urea 1.24 kt (2023) +109%

Value 1.24 kt (2023)

Change since 2002 +109.5%

Import value of urea 722 k$ (2023) +384%

Value 722 k$ (2023)

Change since 2002 +383.7%

Production of urea 0 t (2019) —

Value 0 t (2019)

Change since 2011 —

N lost from croplands through volatilisation 5.65 kt (2023) +531%

Value 5.65 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +531.4%

N added onto cropland from atmospheric deposition 984 t (2023) -10%

Value 984 t (2023)

Change since 1961 -10.2%

N added onto cropland from atmospheric deposition, per hectare of cropland 3.76 kg/ha (2023) +37%

Value 3.76 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +37.1%

N lost from croplands through leaching 2,015 kg/ha and ton (2023) +305%

Value 2,015 kg/ha and ton (2023)

Change since 1961 +305.4%

N lost from croplands through leaching, per hectare of cropland 7.69 kg/ha (2023) +519%

Value 7.69 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +519.0%

N lost from croplands through volatilisation, per hectare of cropland (kg/ha) 21.6 kg/ha (2023) +864%

Value 21.6 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +864.0%

Amount of N removed from cropland through crop harvesting 2.36 kt (2023) +32%

Value 2.36 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +31.5%

Amount of N removed from cropland through crop residue 749 t (2023) +25%

Value 749 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +24.6%

Amount of N removed from cropland through crop harvesting, per hectare of cropland 8.99 kg/ha (2023) +101%

Value 8.99 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +100.8%

Amount of N removed from cropland through crop residue, per hectare of cropland 2.86 kg/ha (2023) +90%

Value 2.86 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +90.2%

Nitrogen use efficiency 4.47 % (2014) -78%

Value 4.47 % (2014)

Change since 1961 -78.4%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) Emissions from agriculture 561 kt CO₂e (2024) -36%

Value 561 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 -36.2%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from agriculture 6,480 Gt CO₂e (2023) +55%

Value 6,480 Gt CO₂e (2023)

Change since 1990 +55.4%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from agriculture per capita 2,613 t CO₂e/person (2023) -18%

Value 2,613 t CO₂e/person (2023)

Change since 1990 -18.2%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for maize 0.0074 t (2023) +3600%

Value 0.0074 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +3600.0%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for millet 0.0002 t (2023) —

Value 0.0002 t (2023)

Change since 1961 —

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for potatoes 0.0004 t (2023) +33%

Value 0.0004 t (2023)

Change since 2017 +33.3%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for sorghum 0.0194 t (2023) -46%

Value 0.0194 t (2023)

Change since 1961 -45.5%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for wheat 0.0002 t (2023) +100%

Value 0.0002 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +100.0%

N₂O emissions from burning crop residues, for maize 0.0038 t (2023) +3700%

Value 0.0038 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +3700.0%

N₂O emissions from burning crop residues, for wheat 0 t (2023) —

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 1961 —

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for maize 0.0017 t (2023) —

Value 0.0017 t (2023)

Change since 1961 —

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for millet 0.0001 t (2023) —

Value 0.0001 t (2023)

Change since 1961 —

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for potatoes 0.0001 t (2023) +0%

Value 0.0001 t (2023)

Change since 2017 +0.0%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for sorghum 0.0044 t (2023) -45%

Value 0.0044 t (2023)

Change since 1961 -45.0%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for wheat 0 t (2023) —

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 1961 —

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for maize 9.1 t (2023) +4450%

Value 9.1 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +4450.0%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for millet 0.3 t (2023) —

Value 0.3 t (2023)

Change since 1961 —

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for potatoes (kt) 0.5 t (2023) +25%

Value 0.5 t (2023)

Change since 2017 +25.0%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for sorghum 23.7 t (2023) -46%

Value 23.7 t (2023)

Change since 1961 -45.6%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for wheat 0.2 t (2023) +100%

Value 0.2 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +100.0%

Amount of N added to cropland through planting seeds 178 t (2023) +106%

Value 178 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +105.7%

N content from crop residues, for maize 471 t (2023) +4426%

Value 471 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +4426.3%

N content from crop residues, for millet 15.5 t (2023) +702%

Value 15.5 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +701.7%

N content from crop residues, for oats 15.5 t (2023) +702%

Value 15.5 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +701.7%

N content from crop residues, for potatoes 23.9 t (2023) +15%

Value 23.9 t (2023)

Change since 2017 +14.5%

N content from crop residues, for sorghum 1.23 kt (2023) -46%

Value 1.23 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 -45.6%

N content from crop residues, for wheat 12.6 t (2023) +137%

Value 12.6 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +137.4%

Amount of N added to cropland through planting seeds, per hectare of cropland 0.681 kg/ha (2023) +214%

Value 0.681 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +214.1%

Total nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, excluding LULUCF 1.39 Mt CO₂e (2024) +54%

Value 1.39 Mt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +54.0%

Total nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, excluding LULUCF (% change from 1990) -21.8 % change (2024) -17%

Value -21.8 % change (2024)

Change since 1991 -16.5%

N₂O emissions from all sectors 7,927 Gt CO₂e (2024) +5093%

Value 7,927 Gt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1850 +5093.4%

Share of global nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions 0.27 % (2024) +154%

Value 0.27 % (2024)

Change since 1850 +154.3%

Definition (source: Our World in Data): A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024. National CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). National CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (Gütschow et al., 2024). We construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021). Warming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST). The data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).

Citation: Jones et al. (2025) – with major processing by Our World in Data. “Share of global nitrous oxide emissions” [dataset]. Jones et al., “National contributions to climate change 2025.1” [original data]. Retrieved September 21, 2026 from https://archive.ourworldindata.org/20260910-011030/grapher/share-nitrous-oxide-emissions.html (archived on September 10, 2026).

N₂O from all sectors per capita single year 0.004 Mt CO2e/ person (2009) —

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) Emissions from buildings (Energy) 31 kt CO₂e (2024) +297%

Value 31 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +297.4%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from fugitive emissions (Energy) 2.6 kt CO₂e (2024) —

Value 2.6 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 —

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from industrial combustion (Energy) 1.7 kt CO₂e (2024) —

Value 1.7 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 —

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from industrial processes 282 kt CO₂e (2024) +2961%

Value 282 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +2960.9%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from power industry (Energy) 459 kt CO₂e (2024) +458900%

Value 459 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +458900.0%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from transport (Energy) 27 kt CO₂e (2024) +2355%

Value 27 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +2354.5%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from waste 30.3 kt CO₂e (2024) +274%

Value 30.3 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +274.1%

Population (total) 2.56 M (2025) +396%

Value 2.56 M (2025)

Change since 1960 +396.4%

GDP (current US$) 19.9 B$ (2025) +65430%

Value 19.9 B$ (2025)

Change since 1960 +65429.6%

GDP per capita (current US$) 7.78 k$ (2025) +13102%

Value 7.78 k$ (2025)

Change since 1960 +13101.6%

Cropland area (% of land area) 0.00353 % of land area (2023) +100%

Value 0.00353 % of land area (2023)

Change since 1961 +100.0%

Number of Public Policies (All Years) single year 6 policies (2018) —

Number of Public Policies Enacted (by Year) 0 policies (2018) —

Value 0 policies (2018)

Change since 1905 —

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP) 1.78 % of GDP (2025) -96%

Value 1.78 % of GDP (2025)

Change since 1960 -95.9%

Cropland area (hectares) 262,000 ha (2023) -34%

Value 262,000 ha (2023)

Change since 1961 -34.5%

Socio-economic Information

N₂O Emissions by Sector

Indicators

Nitrogen-Related Policies & Regulations