Bhutan

Indicators

Excess nitrogen per hectare of cropland single year 29.3 kg per hectare (2009) —

Excess nitrogen from croplands single year 3.36 kt (2009) —

Share of global excess nitrogen from croplands single year 0.004 % (2009) —

Amount of N added to cropland through biological fixation 431 t (2023) -21%

Value 431 t (2023)

Change since 1961 -20.6%

Amount of N added to cropland through biological fixation, per hectare of cropland 3.78 kg/ha (2023) -21%

Value 3.78 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 -21.2%

Which countries overapplied nitrogen without gains in crop yields? single year 0 % (2020) —

N fertilizer consumption per capita 0.2 kg/person (2023) +54%

Value 0.2 kg/person (2023)

Change since 1983 +53.8%

Total nitrogen fertilizer production 0 t (2020) —

Value 0 t (2020)

Change since 2002 —

Definition (source: OECD): From the online data portal FAOSTAT maintained by the Statistics Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) : 'Nutrient nitrogen' is defined as total nitrogen (N) from all fertilizer products. The 'Fertilizers by Nutrient' domain contains information on agricultural use, production, and trade of chemical and mineral fertilizers, in tonnes of nutrient, for the three main plant nutrients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (expressed as P2O5) and potassium (expressed as K2O). The main data source for production and agricultural use is the FAOSTAT Fertilizers questionnaire, complemented with national publications when available. Agricultural use of fertilizers refers to the use for crops, livestock, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture, excluding use for animal feed. Industrial uses are excluded, to the extent allowed by data availability. Tonnes of nutrient nitrogen are calculated using conversion factors applied to volumes of nitrogenous fertilizers. For more information, please see: http://fenixservices.fao.org/faostat/static/documents/RFN/RFN_EN_README.pdf

Citation: OECD (2024). "Nutrient nitrogen production," Africa's Development Dynamics (AfDD): Table 23 - Ecological sustainability, OECD Data Explorer, https://data-explorer.oecd.org/vis?lc=en&tm=nitrogen&pg=0&snb=15&df[ds]=dsDisseminateFinalDMZ&df[id]=DSD_AFDD_STAT_ANNEX%40DF_TAB23&df[ag]=OECD.DEV.EMEA&df[vs]=1.0&dq=......A&pd=,&to[TIME_PERIOD]=false&vw=ov

Total nitrogen fertilizer production 0 t (2023) —

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 2002 —

Nitrogen fertilizer consumption per hectare of arable land 9.81 kg/ha (2023) +1259%

Value 9.81 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1974 +1259.2%

Total nitrogen inputs to crops single year 5.17 kt (2009) —

Nitrogen inputs per hectare of cropland single year 45.2 kg/ha (2009) —

Nitrogen fertilizer use per hectare of cropland 5.64 kg/ha (2023) +907%

Value 5.64 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1974 +907.1%

Total N fertilizer production 0 t (2023) —

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 2002 —

N fertilizer imports 24 t (2023) -68%

Value 24 t (2023)

Change since 1974 -67.6%

N fertilizer exports 0 t (2023) —

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 1990 —

N fertilizer use per capita 0.82 kg/ person (2023) —

Value 0.82 kg/ person (2023)

Change since 1961 —

Agricultural use of N fertilizer 643 t (2023) +769%

Value 643 t (2023)

Change since 1974 +768.9%

N fertilizers use per area of cropland 5.64 kg/ha (2023) —

Value 5.64 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 —

Amount of N added to cropland through synthetic fertilizers, per hectare of cropland 5.64 kg/ha (2023) +761%

Value 5.64 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +761.3%

Amount of N added to cropland through animal manure 1.91 kt (2023) +65%

Value 1.91 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +64.5%

Amount of N added to cropland through animal manure, per hectare of cropland 16.8 kg/ha (2023) +63%

Value 16.8 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +63.1%

N fertilizer use per value of agricultural production 4.56 g per $ (2023) —

Value 4.56 g per $ (2023)

Change since 1961 —

Agricultural use of nutrient nitrogen 0.802 t (2020) +2%

Value 0.802 t (2020)

Change since 2002 +2.4%

Definition (source: OECD): From the online data portal FAOSTAT maintained by the Statistics Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) : 'Nutrient nitrogen' is defined as total nitrogen (N) from all fertilizer products. The 'Fertilizers by Nutrient' domain contains information on agricultural use, production, and trade of chemical and mineral fertilizers, in tonnes of nutrient, for the three main plant nutrients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (expressed as P2O5) and potassium (expressed as K2O). The main data source for production and agricultural use is the FAOSTAT Fertilizers questionnaire, complemented with national publications when available. Agricultural use of fertilizers refers to the use for crops, livestock, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture, excluding use for animal feed. Industrial uses are excluded, to the extent allowed by data availability. Tonnes of nutrient nitrogen are calculated using conversion factors applied to volumes of nitrogenous fertilizers. For more information, please see: https://fenixservices.fao.org/faostat/static/documents/RFN/RFN_EN_README.pdf

Citation: OECD (2024). "Agricultural use of nutrient nitrogen," Africa's Development Dynamics (AfDD): Table 23 - Ecological sustainability, OECD Data Explorer, https://data-explorer.oecd.org/vis?lc=en&tm=nitrogen&pg=0&snb=15&df[ds]=dsDisseminateFinalDMZ&df[id]=DSD_AFDD_STAT_ANNEX%40DF_TAB23&df[ag]=OECD.DEV.EMEA&df[vs]=1.0&dq=......A&pd=,&to[TIME_PERIOD]=false&vw=ov

Import of ammonia (anhydrous) 1.5 t (2024) +14900%

Value 1.5 t (2024)

Change since 2005 +14900.0%

Import value of ammonia (anhydrous) 2.86 k$ (2024) +3986%

Value 2.86 k$ (2024)

Change since 2005 +3985.7%

Import of ammonium nitrate 0.02 t (2023) -100%

Value 0.02 t (2023)

Change since 2005 -100.0%

Import value of ammonium nitrate 140 $ (2023) -99%

Value 140 $ (2023)

Change since 2005 -99.4%

Production of ammonium nitrate 0 t (2014) —

Value 0 t (2014)

Change since 2011 —

Import of ammonium sulphate (Tonnes) 0 t (2024) -100%

Value 0 t (2024)

Change since 2005 -100.0%

Import value of ammonium sulphate (1000 USD) 10 $ (2024) -94%

Value 10 $ (2024)

Change since 2005 -94.4%

Production of ammonium sulphate (Tonnes) 0 t (2014) —

Value 0 t (2014)

Change since 2011 —

Agricultural use of calcium ammonium nitrate and other mixtures with calcium carbonate 1 t (2019) -95%

Value 1 t (2019)

Change since 2002 -95.0%

Import of calcium ammonium nitrate and other mixtures with calcium carbonate 0 t (2012) -100%

Value 0 t (2012)

Change since 2005 -100.0%

Import value of calcium ammonium nitrate and other mixtures with calcium carbonate 10 $ (2012) -98%

Value 10 $ (2012)

Change since 2005 -98.3%

Production of calcium ammonium nitrate and other mixtures with calcium carbonate 0 t (2014) —

Value 0 t (2014)

Change since 2011 —

Amount of N added to cropland through synthetic fertilizers 643 t N (2023) +769%

Value 643 t N (2023)

Change since 1961 +768.9%

Import of fertilizers n.e.c. 0.16 t (2024) -98%

Value 0.16 t (2024)

Change since 2003 -98.4%

Import value of fertilizers n.e.c. 440 $ (2024) -92%

Value 440 $ (2024)

Change since 2003 -91.6%

Agricultural use of NPK fertilizers 1.3 kt (2024) +84%

Value 1.3 kt (2024)

Change since 2002 +84.1%

Export of NPK fertilizers 18.9 t (2011) +738%

Value 18.9 t (2011)

Change since 2005 +737.8%

Export value of NPK fertilizers 18.9 k$ (2011) +738%

Value 18.9 k$ (2011)

Change since 2005 +737.8%

Import of NPK fertilizers 2.4 kt (2022) +31849%

Value 2.4 kt (2022)

Change since 2006 +31848.8%

Import value of NPK fertilizers 164 k$ (2022) +17367%

Value 164 k$ (2022)

Change since 2006 +17367.0%

Production of NPK fertilizers 0 t (2014) —

Value 0 t (2014)

Change since 2011 —

Agricultural use of other nitrogenous fertilizers 0 t (2019) —

Value 0 t (2019)

Change since 2016 —

Import of other nitrogenous fertilizers 32 t (2024) -54%

Value 32 t (2024)

Change since 2004 -54.2%

Import value of other nitrogenous fertilizers 24.5 k$ (2024) -34%

Value 24.5 k$ (2024)

Change since 2004 -34.3%

Agriculture use of urea 986 t (2024) -32%

Value 986 t (2024)

Change since 2002 -32.4%

Import value of urea and ammonium nitrate solutions 110 $ (2023) -100%

Value 110 $ (2023)

Change since 2003 -99.6%

Production of urea and ammonium nitrate solutions 0 t (2014) —

Value 0 t (2014)

Change since 2011 —

Import of urea and ammonium nitrate solutions 0.15 t (2023) -99%

Value 0.15 t (2023)

Change since 2003 -99.4%

Export of urea single year 1.8 t (2005) —

Export value of urea single year 2.86 k$ (2005) —

Import of urea 43.4 t (2024) -94%

Value 43.4 t (2024)

Change since 2004 -93.6%

Import value of urea 33.9 k$ (2024) -58%

Value 33.9 k$ (2024)

Change since 2004 -57.8%

Production of urea 0 t (2014) —

Value 0 t (2014)

Change since 2011 —

N lost from croplands through volatilisation 767 t (2023) +120%

Value 767 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +119.7%

N added onto cropland from atmospheric deposition 851 t (2023) +89%

Value 851 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +88.9%

N added onto cropland from atmospheric deposition, per hectare of cropland 7.47 kg/ha (2023) +87%

Value 7.47 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +87.3%

N lost from croplands through leaching 447 kg/ha and ton (2023) +92%

Value 447 kg/ha and ton (2023)

Change since 1961 +92.1%

N lost from croplands through leaching, per hectare of cropland 3.92 kg/ha (2023) +90%

Value 3.92 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +90.5%

N lost from croplands through volatilisation, per hectare of cropland (kg/ha) 6.73 kg/ha (2023) +118%

Value 6.73 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +117.8%

Amount of N removed from cropland through crop harvesting 1.65 kt (2023) +2%

Value 1.65 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +1.5%

Amount of N removed from cropland through crop residue 1.33 kt (2023) +72%

Value 1.33 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +71.9%

Amount of N removed from cropland through crop harvesting, per hectare of cropland 14.5 kg/ha (2023) +1%

Value 14.5 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +0.7%

Amount of N removed from cropland through crop residue, per hectare of cropland 11.6 kg/ha (2023) +70%

Value 11.6 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +70.4%

Nitrogen use efficiency 50.5 % (2014) +2%

Value 50.5 % (2014)

Change since 1961 +2.3%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) Emissions from agriculture 59.3 kt CO₂e (2024) +13%

Value 59.3 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +12.5%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from agriculture 70 Gt CO₂e (2023) -30%

Value 70 Gt CO₂e (2023)

Change since 1990 -30.0%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from agriculture per capita 89 t CO₂e/person (2023) -48%

Value 89 t CO₂e/person (2023)

Change since 1990 -47.5%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for barley 0.0001 t (2023) -80%

Value 0.0001 t (2023)

Change since 1961 -80.0%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for dry beans 0.0001 t (2023) +0%

Value 0.0001 t (2023)

Change since 2004 +0.0%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for maize 0.0034 t (2023) -57%

Value 0.0034 t (2023)

Change since 1961 -57.0%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for millet 0.0001 t (2023) -83%

Value 0.0001 t (2023)

Change since 1961 -83.3%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for potatoes 0.0017 t (2023) +70%

Value 0.0017 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +70.0%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for rice 0.0078 t (2023) -23%

Value 0.0078 t (2023)

Change since 1961 -22.8%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for soya beans 0 t (2023) -100%

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 1980 -100.0%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for wheat 0.0002 t (2023) -83%

Value 0.0002 t (2023)

Change since 1961 -83.3%

N₂O emissions from burning crop residues, for maize 0.0005 t (2023) -79%

Value 0.0005 t (2023)

Change since 1961 -79.2%

N₂O emissions from burning crop residues, for sugar cane 0 t (2023) —

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 1961 —

N₂O emissions from burning crop residues, for rice 0.0004 t (2023) -43%

Value 0.0004 t (2023)

Change since 1961 -42.9%

N₂O emissions from burning crop residues, for wheat 0 t (2023) -100%

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 1961 -100.0%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for barley 0 t (2023) -100%

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 1961 -100.0%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for dry beans 0 t (2023) —

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 2004 —

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for maize 0.0008 t (2023) -56%

Value 0.0008 t (2023)

Change since 1961 -55.6%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for millet 0 t (2023) -100%

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 1961 -100.0%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for potatoes 0.0004 t (2023) +100%

Value 0.0004 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +100.0%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for rice 0.0018 t (2023) -22%

Value 0.0018 t (2023)

Change since 1961 -21.7%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for soya beans 0 t (2023) -100%

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 1980 -100.0%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for wheat 0 t (2023) -100%

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 1961 -100.0%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for barley 0.2 t (2023) -71%

Value 0.2 t (2023)

Change since 1961 -71.4%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for dry beans 0.1 t (2023) +0%

Value 0.1 t (2023)

Change since 2004 +0.0%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for maize 4.2 t (2023) -57%

Value 4.2 t (2023)

Change since 1961 -56.7%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for millet 0.1 t (2023) -88%

Value 0.1 t (2023)

Change since 1961 -87.5%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for potatoes (kt) 2.1 t (2023) +75%

Value 2.1 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +75.0%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for rice 9.5 t (2023) -23%

Value 9.5 t (2023)

Change since 1961 -22.8%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for soya beans 0 t (2023) -100%

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 1980 -100.0%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for wheat 0.2 t (2023) -87%

Value 0.2 t (2023)

Change since 1961 -86.7%

Amount of N added to cropland through planting seeds 20.6 t (2023) -42%

Value 20.6 t (2023)

Change since 1961 -42.2%

N content from crop residues, for barley 8.03 t (2023) -77%

Value 8.03 t (2023)

Change since 1961 -76.6%

N content from crop residues, for dry beans 5.09 t (2023) -31%

Value 5.09 t (2023)

Change since 2004 -31.3%

N content from crop residues, for maize 216 t (2023) -57%

Value 216 t (2023)

Change since 1961 -56.9%

N content from crop residues, for millet 6.31 t (2023) -84%

Value 6.31 t (2023)

Change since 1961 -84.1%

N content from crop residues, for oats 6.31 t (2023) -84%

Value 6.31 t (2023)

Change since 1961 -84.1%

N content from crop residues, for potatoes 107 t (2023) +75%

Value 107 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +74.6%

N content from crop residues, for rice 496 t (2023) -22%

Value 496 t (2023)

Change since 1961 -22.5%

N content from crop residues, for soya beans 1.65 t (2023) -90%

Value 1.65 t (2023)

Change since 1980 -90.3%

N content from crop residues, for wheat 12.6 t (2023) -84%

Value 12.6 t (2023)

Change since 1961 -83.7%

Amount of N added to cropland through planting seeds, per hectare of cropland 0.181 kg/ha (2023) -43%

Value 0.181 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 -42.7%

Total nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, excluding LULUCF 180 kt CO₂e (2024) +158%

Value 180 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +157.9%

Total nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, excluding LULUCF (% change from 1990) 23.2 % change (2024) +208%

Value 23.2 % change (2024)

Change since 1991 +208.0%

Total nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, excluding LULUCF 24.4 Mt CO₂e (2022) -17%

Value 24.4 Mt CO₂e (2022)

Change since 2019 -16.9%

N₂O emissions from all sectors 191 Gt CO₂e (2024) +904%

Value 191 Gt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1850 +903.9%

Share of global nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions 0.00649 % (2024) -51%

Value 0.00649 % (2024)

Change since 1850 -50.8%

Definition (source: Our World in Data): A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024. National CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). National CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (Gütschow et al., 2024). We construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021). Warming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST). The data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).

Citation: Jones et al. (2025) – with major processing by Our World in Data. “Share of global nitrous oxide emissions” [dataset]. Jones et al., “National contributions to climate change 2025.1” [original data]. Retrieved September 21, 2026 from https://archive.ourworldindata.org/20260910-011030/grapher/share-nitrous-oxide-emissions.html (archived on September 10, 2026).

N₂O from all sectors per capita single year 0.004 Mt CO2e/ person (2009) —

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) Emissions from buildings (Energy) 59.7 kt CO₂e (2024) +424%

Value 59.7 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +423.7%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from fugitive emissions (Energy) 300 t CO₂e (2024) +200%

Value 300 t CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +200.0%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from industrial combustion (Energy) 4.3 kt CO₂e (2024) —

Value 4.3 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 —

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from industrial processes 39.8 kt CO₂e (2024) +598%

Value 39.8 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +598.2%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from power industry (Energy) 2.8 kt CO₂e (2024) —

Value 2.8 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 —

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from transport (Energy) 3.1 kt CO₂e (2024) —

Value 3.1 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 —

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from waste 11 kt CO₂e (2024) —

Value 11 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 —

Population (total) 797 k (2025) +256%

Value 797 k (2025)

Change since 1960 +255.5%

GDP (current US$) 3.58 B$ (2025) +5691%

Value 3.58 B$ (2025)

Change since 1970 +5690.6%

GDP per capita (current US$) 4.49 k$ (2025) +2143%

Value 4.49 k$ (2025)

Change since 1970 +2142.5%

Cropland area (% of land area) 0.367 % of land area (2023) +32%

Value 0.367 % of land area (2023)

Change since 1961 +31.9%

Number of Public Policies (All Years) single year 4 policies (2018) —

Number of Public Policies Enacted (by Year) 0 policies (2018) —

Value 0 policies (2018)

Change since 1905 —

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP) 13.7 % of GDP (2025) -66%

Value 13.7 % of GDP (2025)

Change since 1980 -65.7%

Cropland area (hectares) 114,000 ha (2023) +1%

Value 114,000 ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +0.9%

Socio-economic Information

N₂O Emissions by Sector

Indicators

Nitrogen-Related Policies & Regulations