Benin

Indicators

Excess nitrogen per hectare of cropland single year 19.4 kg per hectare (2009) —

Excess nitrogen from croplands single year 34.1 kt (2009) —

Share of global excess nitrogen from croplands single year 0.045 % (2009) —

Amount of N added to cropland through biological fixation 88.1 kt (2023) +1006%

Value 88.1 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +1005.9%

Amount of N added to cropland through biological fixation, per hectare of cropland 21.1 kg/ha (2023) +158%

Value 21.1 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +158.1%

Which countries overapplied nitrogen without gains in crop yields? single year 0 % (2020) —

N fertilizer consumption per capita 1.41 kg/person (2023) +605%

Value 1.41 kg/person (2023)

Change since 1961 +605.0%

Total nitrogen fertilizer production 0 t (2020) —

Value 0 t (2020)

Change since 2002 —

Definition (source: OECD): From the online data portal FAOSTAT maintained by the Statistics Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) : 'Nutrient nitrogen' is defined as total nitrogen (N) from all fertilizer products. The 'Fertilizers by Nutrient' domain contains information on agricultural use, production, and trade of chemical and mineral fertilizers, in tonnes of nutrient, for the three main plant nutrients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (expressed as P2O5) and potassium (expressed as K2O). The main data source for production and agricultural use is the FAOSTAT Fertilizers questionnaire, complemented with national publications when available. Agricultural use of fertilizers refers to the use for crops, livestock, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture, excluding use for animal feed. Industrial uses are excluded, to the extent allowed by data availability. Tonnes of nutrient nitrogen are calculated using conversion factors applied to volumes of nitrogenous fertilizers. For more information, please see: http://fenixservices.fao.org/faostat/static/documents/RFN/RFN_EN_README.pdf

Citation: OECD (2024). "Nutrient nitrogen production," Africa's Development Dynamics (AfDD): Table 23 - Ecological sustainability, OECD Data Explorer, https://data-explorer.oecd.org/vis?lc=en&tm=nitrogen&pg=0&snb=15&df[ds]=dsDisseminateFinalDMZ&df[id]=DSD_AFDD_STAT_ANNEX%40DF_TAB23&df[ag]=OECD.DEV.EMEA&df[vs]=1.0&dq=......A&pd=,&to[TIME_PERIOD]=false&vw=ov

Total nitrogen fertilizer production 0 t (2023) —

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 2002 —

Nitrogen fertilizer consumption per hectare of arable land 33.2 kg/ha (2023) +5064%

Value 33.2 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +5063.7%

Total nitrogen inputs to crops single year 55.7 kt (2009) —

Nitrogen inputs per hectare of cropland single year 31.6 kg/ha (2009) —

Nitrogen fertilizer use per hectare of cropland 13.2 kg/ha (2023) +65750%

Value 13.2 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +65750.0%

Total N fertilizer production 0 t (2023) —

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 2002 —

N fertilizer imports 54.9 kt (2023) +249423%

Value 54.9 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +249422.7%

N fertilizer exports 0 t (2023) —

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 1990 —

N fertilizer use per capita 3.89 kg/ person (2023) +38800%

Value 3.89 kg/ person (2023)

Change since 1961 +38800.0%

Agricultural use of N fertilizer 54.9 kt (2023) +249423%

Value 54.9 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +249422.7%

N fertilizers use per area of cropland 12.9 kg/ha (2023) +64200%

Value 12.9 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +64200.0%

Amount of N added to cropland through synthetic fertilizers, per hectare of cropland 13.2 kg/ha (2023) +58197%

Value 13.2 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +58196.9%

Amount of N added to cropland through animal manure 21.9 kt (2023) +399%

Value 21.9 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +398.9%

Amount of N added to cropland through animal manure, per hectare of cropland 5.26 kg/ha (2023) +16%

Value 5.26 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +16.4%

N fertilizer use per value of agricultural production 11.9 g per $ (2023) +29575%

Value 11.9 g per $ (2023)

Change since 1961 +29575.0%

Agricultural use of nutrient nitrogen 56.3 t (2020) +294%

Value 56.3 t (2020)

Change since 2000 +293.8%

Definition (source: OECD): From the online data portal FAOSTAT maintained by the Statistics Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) : 'Nutrient nitrogen' is defined as total nitrogen (N) from all fertilizer products. The 'Fertilizers by Nutrient' domain contains information on agricultural use, production, and trade of chemical and mineral fertilizers, in tonnes of nutrient, for the three main plant nutrients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (expressed as P2O5) and potassium (expressed as K2O). The main data source for production and agricultural use is the FAOSTAT Fertilizers questionnaire, complemented with national publications when available. Agricultural use of fertilizers refers to the use for crops, livestock, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture, excluding use for animal feed. Industrial uses are excluded, to the extent allowed by data availability. Tonnes of nutrient nitrogen are calculated using conversion factors applied to volumes of nitrogenous fertilizers. For more information, please see: https://fenixservices.fao.org/faostat/static/documents/RFN/RFN_EN_README.pdf

Citation: OECD (2024). "Agricultural use of nutrient nitrogen," Africa's Development Dynamics (AfDD): Table 23 - Ecological sustainability, OECD Data Explorer, https://data-explorer.oecd.org/vis?lc=en&tm=nitrogen&pg=0&snb=15&df[ds]=dsDisseminateFinalDMZ&df[id]=DSD_AFDD_STAT_ANNEX%40DF_TAB23&df[ag]=OECD.DEV.EMEA&df[vs]=1.0&dq=......A&pd=,&to[TIME_PERIOD]=false&vw=ov

Export of ammonia (anhydrous) 0.31 t (2024) -86%

Value 0.31 t (2024)

Change since 2002 -85.9%

Export value of ammonia (anhydrous) 1.34 k$ (2024) -86%

Value 1.34 k$ (2024)

Change since 2002 -86.4%

Import of ammonia (anhydrous) 1.54 t (2024) -84%

Value 1.54 t (2024)

Change since 2002 -84.5%

Import value of ammonia (anhydrous) 5.06 k$ (2024) -63%

Value 5.06 k$ (2024)

Change since 2002 -63.0%

Agricultural use of ammonium nitrate 212 t (2011) +10%

Value 212 t (2011)

Change since 2002 +10.4%

Export of ammonium nitrate 30 t (2021) +50%

Value 30 t (2021)

Change since 2010 +50.0%

Export value of ammonium nitrate 7.58 k$ (2021) -54%

Value 7.58 k$ (2021)

Change since 2010 -53.8%

Import of ammonium nitrate 2.89 kt (2024) +1407%

Value 2.89 kt (2024)

Change since 2002 +1406.9%

Import value of ammonium nitrate 2.05 M$ (2024) +2622%

Value 2.05 M$ (2024)

Change since 2002 +2622.0%

Import of ammonium sulphate (Tonnes) 7.49 t (2022) -100%

Value 7.49 t (2022)

Change since 2002 -99.6%

Import value of ammonium sulphate (1000 USD) 2.27 k$ (2022) -99%

Value 2.27 k$ (2022)

Change since 2002 -99.0%

Amount of N added to cropland through synthetic fertilizers 54.9 kt N (2023) +249434%

Value 54.9 kt N (2023)

Change since 1961 +249434.1%

Export of fertilizers n.e.c. single year 0.01 t (2024) —

Export value of fertilizers n.e.c. single year 350 $ (2024) —

Import of fertilizers n.e.c. 83.8 t (2024) -100%

Value 83.8 t (2024)

Change since 2002 -99.6%

Import value of fertilizers n.e.c. 83.8 k$ (2024) -99%

Value 83.8 k$ (2024)

Change since 2002 -98.5%

Agricultural use of NPK fertilizers 20.4 kt (2011) +15834%

Value 20.4 kt (2011)

Change since 2007 +15833.6%

Export of NPK fertilizers 125 t (2024) -98%

Value 125 t (2024)

Change since 2004 -97.7%

Export value of NPK fertilizers 125 k$ (2024) -98%

Value 125 k$ (2024)

Change since 2004 -97.7%

Import of NPK fertilizers 127 kt (2024) +190%

Value 127 kt (2024)

Change since 2002 +190.4%

Import value of NPK fertilizers 72.5 M$ (2024) +675%

Value 72.5 M$ (2024)

Change since 2002 +675.1%

Export of other nitrogenous fertilizers 0.5 t (2022) -83%

Value 0.5 t (2022)

Change since 2004 -83.3%

Export value of other nitrogenous fertilizers 130 $ (2022) -88%

Value 130 $ (2022)

Change since 2004 -88.5%

Import of other nitrogenous fertilizers 6.23 t (2024) -39%

Value 6.23 t (2024)

Change since 2002 -39.5%

Import value of other nitrogenous fertilizers 3.18 k$ (2024) -37%

Value 3.18 k$ (2024)

Change since 2002 -37.3%

Agriculture use of urea 2.18 kt (2011) -93%

Value 2.18 kt (2011)

Change since 2002 -93.4%

Import value of urea and ammonium nitrate solutions single year 780 $ (2021) —

Import of urea and ammonium nitrate solutions single year 0.1 t (2021) —

Import of urea 61.9 kt (2024) +88%

Value 61.9 kt (2024)

Change since 2002 +88.3%

Import value of urea 25 M$ (2024) +390%

Value 25 M$ (2024)

Change since 2002 +389.7%

N lost from croplands through volatilisation 23 kt (2023) +1639%

Value 23 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +1639.3%

N added onto cropland from atmospheric deposition 23.5 kt (2023) +491%

Value 23.5 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +491.4%

N added onto cropland from atmospheric deposition, per hectare of cropland 5.65 kg/ha (2023) +38%

Value 5.65 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +38.0%

N lost from croplands through leaching 9,875 kg/ha and ton (2023) +1021%

Value 9,875 kg/ha and ton (2023)

Change since 1961 +1020.6%

N lost from croplands through leaching, per hectare of cropland 2.37 kg/ha (2023) +162%

Value 2.37 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +161.6%

N lost from croplands through volatilisation, per hectare of cropland (kg/ha) 5.53 kg/ha (2023) +306%

Value 5.53 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +306.0%

Amount of N removed from cropland through crop harvesting 148 kt (2023) +1149%

Value 148 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +1149.2%

Amount of N removed from cropland through crop residue 40 kt (2023) +1152%

Value 40 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +1152.0%

Amount of N removed from cropland through crop harvesting, per hectare of cropland 35.6 kg/ha (2023) +192%

Value 35.6 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +191.6%

Amount of N removed from cropland through crop residue, per hectare of cropland 9.6 kg/ha (2023) +192%

Value 9.6 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +192.2%

Nitrogen use efficiency 171 % (2014) +34%

Value 171 % (2014)

Change since 1961 +34.1%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) Emissions from agriculture 1.63 Mt CO₂e (2024) +393%

Value 1.63 Mt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +392.7%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from agriculture 2,730 Gt CO₂e (2023) +124%

Value 2,730 Gt CO₂e (2023)

Change since 1990 +123.8%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from agriculture per capita 193 t CO₂e/person (2023) -16%

Value 193 t CO₂e/person (2023)

Change since 1990 -16.2%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for dry beans 0.03 t (2023) +70%

Value 0.03 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +70.5%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for maize 0.379 t (2023) +648%

Value 0.379 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +647.7%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for millet 0.0067 t (2023) +319%

Value 0.0067 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +318.8%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for potatoes 0 t (2023) —

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 1985 —

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for rice 0.0996 t (2023) +14129%

Value 0.0996 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +14128.6%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for sorghum 0.0443 t (2023) +67%

Value 0.0443 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +67.2%

Direct N₂O emissions from crop residues, for soya beans 0.168 t (2023) —

Value 0.168 t (2023)

Change since 1985 —

N₂O emissions from burning crop residues, for maize 0.145 t (2023) +452%

Value 0.145 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +452.5%

N₂O emissions from burning crop residues, for sugar cane 0.0001 t (2023) —

Value 0.0001 t (2023)

Change since 1961 —

N₂O emissions from burning crop residues, for rice 0.0051 t (2023) +5000%

Value 0.0051 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +5000.0%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for dry beans 0.0067 t (2023) +68%

Value 0.0067 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +67.5%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for maize 0.0853 t (2023) +648%

Value 0.0853 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +648.2%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for millet 0.0015 t (2023) +275%

Value 0.0015 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +275.0%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for potatoes 0 t (2023) —

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 1985 —

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for rice 0.0224 t (2023) +11100%

Value 0.0224 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +11100.0%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for sorghum 0.01 t (2023) +67%

Value 0.01 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +66.7%

Indirect N₂O emissions from crop residues, for soya beans 0.0377 t (2023) —

Value 0.0377 t (2023)

Change since 1985 —

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for dry beans 36.7 t (2023) +70%

Value 36.7 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +69.9%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for maize 464 t (2023) +648%

Value 464 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +647.8%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for millet 8.2 t (2023) +310%

Value 8.2 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +310.0%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for potatoes (kt) 0 t (2023) —

Value 0 t (2023)

Change since 1985 —

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for rice 122 t (2023) +13456%

Value 122 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +13455.6%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for sorghum 54.3 t (2023) +68%

Value 54.3 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +67.6%

N₂O emissions from crop residues, for soya beans 205 t (2023) +205100%

Value 205 t (2023)

Change since 1985 +205100.0%

Amount of N added to cropland through planting seeds 3.28 kt (2023) +205%

Value 3.28 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +204.9%

N content from crop residues, for dry beans 1.91 kt (2023) +70%

Value 1.91 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +69.9%

N content from crop residues, for maize 24.1 kt (2023) +648%

Value 24.1 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +647.9%

N content from crop residues, for millet 426 t (2023) +320%

Value 426 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +320.2%

N content from crop residues, for oats 426 t (2023) +320%

Value 426 t (2023)

Change since 1961 +320.2%

N content from crop residues, for potatoes 1.04 t (2023) +94%

Value 1.04 t (2023)

Change since 1985 +94.1%

N content from crop residues, for rice 6.34 kt (2023) +13544%

Value 6.34 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +13544.4%

N content from crop residues, for sorghum 2.82 kt (2023) +67%

Value 2.82 kt (2023)

Change since 1961 +67.4%

N content from crop residues, for soya beans 10.7 kt (2023) +398291%

Value 10.7 kt (2023)

Change since 1985 +398290.7%

Amount of N added to cropland through planting seeds, per hectare of cropland 0.787 kg/ha (2023) -29%

Value 0.787 kg/ha (2023)

Change since 1961 -28.8%

Total nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, excluding LULUCF 2.13 Mt CO₂e (2024) +403%

Value 2.13 Mt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +403.0%

Total nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, excluding LULUCF (% change from 1990) 172 % change (2024) +2390%

Value 172 % change (2024)

Change since 1991 +2389.8%

N₂O emissions from all sectors 3,214 Gt CO₂e (2024) +8558%

Value 3,214 Gt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1850 +8557.6%

Share of global nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions 0.109 % (2024) +324%

Value 0.109 % (2024)

Change since 1850 +323.9%

Definition (source: Our World in Data): A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024. National CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). National CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (Gütschow et al., 2024). We construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021). Warming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST). The data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).

Citation: Jones et al. (2025) – with major processing by Our World in Data. “Share of global nitrous oxide emissions” [dataset]. Jones et al., “National contributions to climate change 2025.1” [original data]. Retrieved September 21, 2026 from https://archive.ourworldindata.org/20260910-011030/grapher/share-nitrous-oxide-emissions.html (archived on September 10, 2026).

N₂O from all sectors per capita single year 0.045 Mt CO2e/ person (2009) —

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) Emissions from buildings (Energy) 83.9 kt CO₂e (2024) +132%

Value 83.9 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +132.4%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from fugitive emissions (Energy) 20.4 kt CO₂e (2024) +437%

Value 20.4 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +436.8%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from industrial combustion (Energy) 2.8 kt CO₂e (2024) +2700%

Value 2.8 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +2700.0%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from industrial processes 178 kt CO₂e (2024) +506%

Value 178 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +506.1%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from power industry (Energy) 600 t CO₂e (2024) —

Value 600 t CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 —

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from transport (Energy) 45.2 kt CO₂e (2024) +2279%

Value 45.2 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +2278.9%

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from waste 163 kt CO₂e (2024) +709%

Value 163 kt CO₂e (2024)

Change since 1970 +709.5%

Population (total) 14.8 M (2025) +489%

Value 14.8 M (2025)

Change since 1960 +488.5%

GDP (current US$) 24.6 B$ (2025) +10761%

Value 24.6 B$ (2025)

Change since 1960 +10760.7%

GDP per capita (current US$) 1.66 k$ (2025) +1745%

Value 1.66 k$ (2025)

Change since 1960 +1745.5%

Cropland area (% of land area) 5.51 % of land area (2023) +1081%

Value 5.51 % of land area (2023)

Change since 1961 +1081.1%

Number of Public Policies (All Years) single year 14 policies (2018) —

Number of Public Policies Enacted (by Year) 0 policies (2018) —

Value 0 policies (2018)

Change since 1905 —

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP) 22.9 % of GDP (2025) -50%

Value 22.9 % of GDP (2025)

Change since 1960 -50.3%

Cropland area (hectares) 4,166,752 ha (2023) +328%

Value 4,166,752 ha (2023)

Change since 1961 +328.4%

Socio-economic Information

N₂O Emissions by Sector

Indicators

Nitrogen-Related Policies & Regulations